IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/e/pho193.html
   My authors  Follow this author

Wai-Ming Ho

Personal Details

First Name:Wai-Ming
Middle Name:
Last Name:Ho
Suffix:
RePEc Short-ID:pho193
[This author has chosen not to make the email address public]
http://www.yorku.ca/waiming/
Terminal Degree:1993 Department of Economics; University of Western Ontario (from RePEc Genealogy)

Affiliation

Department of Economics
York University

Toronto, Canada
http://econ.laps.yorku.ca/
RePEc:edi:dyorkca (more details at EDIRC)

Research output

as
Jump to: Working papers Articles

Working papers

  1. Scott Hendry & Wai-Ming Ho & Kevin Moran, 2003. "Simple Monetary Policy Rules in an Open-Economy, Limited-Participation Model," Staff Working Papers 03-38, Bank of Canada.
  2. Robert A. Amano & Wai-Ming Ho & Tony S. Wirjanto, 1999. "Intraperiod and Intertemporal Substitution in Import Demand," Cahiers de recherche CREFE / CREFE Working Papers 84, CREFE, Université du Québec à Montréal.
  3. Ho, W.M., 1996. "Government Spending, Credit Market Imperfections, and Economic Growth," Working Papers 9612, University of Waterloo, Department of Economics.
  4. Fung, M.K.Y. & Ho, W.M. & Zhu, L., 1996. "Macroeconomic Control in the Transforming Chinese Economy: An Analysis of Long-Run Effect," Working Papers 9613, University of Waterloo, Department of Economics.
  5. Ho, W.M., 1996. "Credit Market Imperfections and Nominal Exchange Rate Regimes," Working Papers 9611, University of Waterloo, Department of Economics.
  6. Ho, W.H., 1995. "Imperfect Information, Money and Economic Growth," Working Papers 9507, University of Waterloo, Department of Economics.
  7. Ho, W.M., 1992. "Liquidity, Exchnage Rates, and Business Cycles," University of Western Ontario, Departmental Research Report Series 9204, University of Western Ontario, Department of Economics.
  8. Wai-Ming Ho & Jinli Zeng & Jie Zhang, "undated". "Inflation Taxation and Welfare with Externalities and Leisure," MRG Discussion Paper Series 0906, School of Economics, University of Queensland, Australia.

Articles

  1. Ho, Wai-Ming, 2021. "International outsourcing, exchange rates, and monetary policy☆," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
  2. Ho Wai-Ming, 2020. "Liquidity constraints, international trade, and optimal monetary policy," The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, vol. 20(2), pages 1-29, June.
  3. Ho, Wai-Ming, 2008. "The welfare implications of foreign exchange intervention," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(8), pages 1360-1382, December.
  4. Wai-Ming Ho & Jinli Zeng & Jie Zhang, 2007. "Inflation Taxation and Welfare with Externalities and Leisure," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 39(1), pages 105-131, February.
  5. Ho, W.-M.Wai-Ming, 2004. "The liquidity effects of foreign exchange intervention," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(1), pages 179-208, May.
  6. Fung, Michael K. Y. & Ho, Wai-Ming & Zhu, Lijing, 2000. "Stagflationary effect of government bond financing in the transforming Chinese economy: a general equilibrium analysis," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(1), pages 111-135, February.
  7. Wai-Ming Ho, 2000. "Credit market imperfections and exchange rate variability," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 33(2), pages 360-393, May.
  8. Fung, Michael Ka-Yiu & Ho, Wai-Ming & Zhu, Lijing, 2000. "The Impact of Credit Control and Interest Rate Regulation on the Transforming Chinese Economy: An Analysis of Long-Run Effects," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 293-320, June.
  9. Ho, Wai-Ming, 1998. "Credit Market Imperfections and Nominal Exchange Rate Regimes," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 3(4), pages 337-361, October.
  10. Ho, Wai-Ming, 1996. "Imperfect Information, Money, and Economic Growth," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 28(4), pages 578-603, November.
  11. Ho, Wai-Ming, 1995. "Foreign exchange controls and liquidity," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(4), pages 515-538, August.
  12. Ho, Wai-Ming, 1993. "Liquidity, exchange rates, and business cycles," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 121-145, August.

Citations

Many of the citations below have been collected in an experimental project, CitEc, where a more detailed citation analysis can be found. These are citations from works listed in RePEc that could be analyzed mechanically. So far, only a minority of all works could be analyzed. See under "Corrections" how you can help improve the citation analysis.

Working papers

  1. Scott Hendry & Wai-Ming Ho & Kevin Moran, 2003. "Simple Monetary Policy Rules in an Open-Economy, Limited-Participation Model," Staff Working Papers 03-38, Bank of Canada.

    Cited by:

    1. Karamé, Frédéric & Patureau, Lise & Sopraseuth, Thepthida, 2008. "Limited participation and exchange rate dynamics: Does theory meet the data?," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 1041-1087, April.
    2. Seok-Kyun Hur, 2005. "Money Growth and Interest Rates," NBER Working Papers 11102, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Marcela Meirelles Aurelio, 2005. "Do we really know how inflation targeters set interest rates?," Research Working Paper RWP 05-02, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
    4. Lim, G.C. & McNelis, Paul D., 2008. "Computational Macroeconomics for the Open Economy," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262123061, December.
    5. Denise Côté & John Kuszczak & Jean-Paul Lam & Ying Liu & Pierre St-Amant, 2003. "A Comparison of Twelve Macroeconomic Models of the Canadian Economy," Technical Reports 94, Bank of Canada.
    6. G. C. Lim & Paul D. McNelis, 2008. "Cyclical Government Spending, Income Inequality and Welfare in Small Open Economies," Melbourne Institute Working Paper Series wp2008n18, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, The University of Melbourne.

  2. Robert A. Amano & Wai-Ming Ho & Tony S. Wirjanto, 1999. "Intraperiod and Intertemporal Substitution in Import Demand," Cahiers de recherche CREFE / CREFE Working Papers 84, CREFE, Université du Québec à Montréal.

    Cited by:

    1. Abdul Rashid & Tayyaba Razzaq, 2010. "Estimating Import-Demand Function in ARDL Framework," EERI Research Paper Series EERI_RP_2010_15, Economics and Econometrics Research Institute (EERI), Brussels.
    2. Ogaki, Masao & Park, Joon Y., 1997. "A cointegration approach to estimating preference parameters," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 82(1), pages 107-134.
    3. Tony Wirjanto, 2004. "Exploring consumption-based asset pricing model with stochastic-trend forcing processes," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 36(14), pages 1591-1597.
    4. Rashid, Abdul & Razzaq, Tayyaba, 2010. "Estimating Import-Demand Function in ARDL Framework: The Case of Pakistan," MPRA Paper 23702, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Rashid, Abdul & Razzaq, Tayyaba, 2010. "Estimating Import-Demand Function in ARDL Framework: The Case of Pakistan," MPRA Paper 26079, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Chuanglian Chen & Guojin Chen & Shujie Yao, 2011. "Do Imports Crowd Out Domestic Consumption? A Comparative Study of China, Japan and Korea," Discussion Papers 11/03, University of Nottingham, GEP.

  3. Fung, M.K.Y. & Ho, W.M. & Zhu, L., 1996. "Macroeconomic Control in the Transforming Chinese Economy: An Analysis of Long-Run Effect," Working Papers 9613, University of Waterloo, Department of Economics.

    Cited by:

    1. Yu Hsing & Wen-Jen Hsieh, 2009. "Currency appreciation, rising financial asset values, and output fluctuations in China," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(8), pages 853-857.

  4. Ho, W.H., 1995. "Imperfect Information, Money and Economic Growth," Working Papers 9507, University of Waterloo, Department of Economics.

    Cited by:

    1. Robert Amano & Thomas J. Carter & Kevin Moran, 2012. "Inflation and Growth: A New Keynesian Perspective," Staff Working Papers 12-23, Bank of Canada.
    2. Katsuyuki Shibayama, 2015. "Trend Dominance in Macroeconomic Fluctuations," Studies in Economics 1518, School of Economics, University of Kent.
    3. Abdelkader Aguir & Mounir Smida, 2015. "Efficiency of monetary policy under inflation targeting," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 35(1), pages 788-813.
    4. Varvarigos, Dimitrios, 2008. "Inflation, variability, and the evolution of human capital in a model with transactions costs," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 98(3), pages 320-326, March.
    5. Abdelkader Aguir & Mounir Smida, 2014. "The Effects of Inflation Targeting on Macroeconomics Performance," Post-Print hal-03791288, HAL.
    6. Abdelkader Aguir, 2014. "The Impact of Central Bank Independence on The Performance of Inflation Targeting Regimes : Emerging Economies," Post-Print hal-03825933, HAL.
    7. Ben Fine, 1998. "Endogenous Growth Theory: A Critical Assessment," Working Papers 80, Department of Economics, SOAS University of London, UK.
    8. Fu-Sheng Hung, 2001. "Fiscal, Monetary, and Reserve Requirement Policy in an Endogenous Growth with Financial Market Imperfections," Journal of Economic Development, Chung-Ang Unviersity, Department of Economics, vol. 26(1), pages 61-82, June.
    9. Ftiti, Zied, 2010. "The macroeconomic performance of the inflation targeting policy: An approach based on the evolutionary co-spectral analysis (extension for the case of a multivariate process)," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 27(1), pages 468-476, January.
    10. Dimitrios Varvarigos, 2006. "Inflation, Variability, and the Evolution of Human Capital in a Model with Transactions Costs," Discussion Paper Series 2006_16, Department of Economics, Loughborough University, revised Jul 2006.
    11. Abdelkader Aguir, 2015. "Efficiency of monetary policy under inflation targeting," Post-Print hal-03791251, HAL.
    12. Abdelkader AGUIR & Mounir Smida, 2015. "The macroeconomic performance of the inflation targeting policy: An approach based on the Efficient Frontier," Post-Print hal-03825930, HAL.
    13. Christie Smith, 2004. "The long-run effects of monetary policy on output growth," Reserve Bank of New Zealand Bulletin, Reserve Bank of New Zealand, vol. 67, September.

  5. Ho, W.M., 1992. "Liquidity, Exchnage Rates, and Business Cycles," University of Western Ontario, Departmental Research Report Series 9204, University of Western Ontario, Department of Economics.

    Cited by:

    1. Ho, W.-M.Wai-Ming, 2004. "The liquidity effects of foreign exchange intervention," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(1), pages 179-208, May.
    2. Collard, Fabrice & Dellas, Harris, 2002. "Exchange rate systems and macroeconomic stability," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(3), pages 571-599, April.
    3. Holtfort, Thomas & Horsch, Andreas & Schwarz, Joachim, 2022. "Economic, technological and social drivers of cryptocurrency market evolution and its managerial impact," Freiberg Working Papers 2022/01, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration.
    4. Ho, Wai-Ming, 2008. "The welfare implications of foreign exchange intervention," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(8), pages 1360-1382, December.
    5. Jill A. Holman & Felix K. Rioja, 1999. "International transmission of anticipated inflation under alternative exchange-rate regimes," Research Working Paper 99-04, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
    6. Reza Siregar & Ramkishen Rajan, 2002. "Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on IndonesiaÂ’s Trade Performance in the 1990s," Centre for International Economic Studies Working Papers 2002-05, University of Adelaide, Centre for International Economic Studies.
    7. Scott Hendry & Wai-Ming Ho & Kevin Moran, 2003. "Simple Monetary Policy Rules in an Open-Economy, Limited-Participation Model," Staff Working Papers 03-38, Bank of Canada.
    8. Cushman, David O. & Zha, Tao, 1997. "Identifying monetary policy in a small open economy under flexible exchange rates," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 433-448, August.
    9. Ho, Wai-Ming, 1995. "Foreign exchange controls and liquidity," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(4), pages 515-538, August.

  6. Wai-Ming Ho & Jinli Zeng & Jie Zhang, "undated". "Inflation Taxation and Welfare with Externalities and Leisure," MRG Discussion Paper Series 0906, School of Economics, University of Queensland, Australia.

    Cited by:

    1. Oscar Afonso & Tiago Sequeira, 2023. "The Effect of Inflation on Wage Inequality: A North–South Monetary Model of Endogenous Growth with International Trade," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 55(1), pages 215-249, February.
    2. Angus C. Chu & Ching‐Chong Lai & Chih‐Hsing Liao, 2019. "A Tale of Two Growth Engines: Interactive Effects of Monetary Policy and Intellectual Property Rights," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 51(7), pages 2029-2052, October.
    3. Ho Wai-Ming, 2020. "Liquidity constraints, international trade, and optimal monetary policy," The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, vol. 20(2), pages 1-29, June.
    4. Fan, Xuecheng & Xu, Zeshui & Qin, Yong & Škare, Marinko, 2023. "Quantifying the short- and long-run impact of inflation-related price volatility on knowledge asset investment," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 165(C).
    5. Angus C. Chu & Guido Cozzi & Haichao Fang & Yuichi Furukawa & Chih-Hsing Liao, 2019. "Innovation and Inequality in a Monetary Schumpeterian Model with Heterogeneous Households and Firms," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 34, pages 141-164, October.
    6. Chu, Angus C. & Cozzi, Guido & Lai, Ching-Chong & Liao, Chih-Hsing, 2013. "Monetary Policy, R&D and Economic Growth in an Open Economy," MPRA Paper 47364, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Angus C. Chu & Ching‐Chong Lai, 2013. "Money and the Welfare Cost of Inflation in an R&D Growth Model," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 45(1), pages 233-249, February.
    8. Chia-Hui Lu & Been-Lon Chen, 2013. "Optimal Capital Taxation in A Neoclassical Growth Model," IEAS Working Paper : academic research 13-A005, Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
    9. Huang, Chien-Yu & Yang, Yibai & Zheng, Zhijie, 2018. "Monetary Policy in a Schumpeterian Growth Model with Two R&D Sectors," MPRA Paper 87462, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Chien‐Yu Huang & Youchang Wu & Yibai Yang & Zhijie Zheng, 2023. "Monetary Policy in a Schumpeterian Growth Model with Vertical R&D Sectors," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 55(6), pages 1569-1607, September.
    11. Wan, Jing & Zhang, Jie, 2016. "Money and growth through innovation cycles with leisure," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 148(C), pages 23-26.
    12. Wei-Bin ZHANG, 2018. "Corruption, governments’ debts, trade, and global growth," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania - AGER, vol. 0(2(615), S), pages 27-50, Summer.
    13. Ching-chong Lai & Chi-ting Chin, 2010. "(In)determinacy, increasing returns, and the optimality of the Friedman rule in an endogenously growing open economy," Economic Theory, Springer;Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET), vol. 44(1), pages 69-100, July.
    14. Chu, Angus C. & Liao, Chih-Hsing & Liu, Xiangbo & Zhang, Mengbo, 2021. "Indeterminacy in a matching model of money with productive government expenditure," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 497-516.
    15. Lu, Chia-Hui & Chen, Been-Lon & Hsu, Mei, 2011. "The dynamic welfare cost of seignorage tax and consumption tax in a neoclassical growth model with a cash-in-advance constraint," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 247-258, June.
    16. Wen-ya Chang & Hsueh-fang Tsai & Juin-jen Chang & Kuo-Hao Lee, 2015. "Consumption tax, seigniorage tax and tax switch in a cash-in-advance economy of endogenous growth," Journal of Economics, Springer, vol. 114(1), pages 23-42, January.

Articles

  1. Ho, Wai-Ming, 2008. "The welfare implications of foreign exchange intervention," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(8), pages 1360-1382, December.

    Cited by:

    1. Perez-Reyna, David & Villamizar-Villegas, Mauricio, 2019. "Exchange rate effects of financial regulations," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 228-245.
    2. Brause, Alexander, 2008. "Foreign exchange interventions in emerging market countries: New lessons from Argentina," W.E.P. - Würzburg Economic Papers 79, University of Würzburg, Department of Economics.

  2. Wai-Ming Ho & Jinli Zeng & Jie Zhang, 2007. "Inflation Taxation and Welfare with Externalities and Leisure," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 39(1), pages 105-131, February.
    See citations under working paper version above.
  3. Ho, W.-M.Wai-Ming, 2004. "The liquidity effects of foreign exchange intervention," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(1), pages 179-208, May.

    Cited by:

    1. Fatum, Rasmus & Hutchison, Michael M., 2006. "Evaluating Foreign Exchange Market Intervention: Self-Selection, Counterfactuals and Average Treatment Effects," Santa Cruz Center for International Economics, Working Paper Series qt02c028gr, Center for International Economics, UC Santa Cruz.
    2. Jaromir Benes & Andrew Berg & Rafael Portillo & David Vavra, 2015. "Modeling Sterilized Interventions and Balance Sheet Effects of Monetary Policy in a New-Keynesian Framework," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 26(1), pages 81-108, February.
    3. Ho, Wai-Ming, 2008. "The welfare implications of foreign exchange intervention," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(8), pages 1360-1382, December.
    4. Charles Engel, 2013. "Exchange Rates and Interest Parity," NBER Working Papers 19336, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    5. Han, Liyan & Liu, Yang & Yin, Libo, 2019. "Uncertainty and currency performance: A quantile-on-quantile approach," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 702-729.

  4. Fung, Michael K. Y. & Ho, Wai-Ming & Zhu, Lijing, 2000. "Stagflationary effect of government bond financing in the transforming Chinese economy: a general equilibrium analysis," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(1), pages 111-135, February.

    Cited by:

    1. C. Emre Alper & Oya Pinar Ardic & Ayse Mumcu & Ismail Saglam, 2006. "The Welfare Effects of Government's Preferences over Spending and Its Financing," Working Papers 2006/04, Bogazici University, Department of Economics.
    2. Dickinson, David & Liu, Jia, 2007. "The real effects of monetary policy in China: An empirical analysis," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 87-111.
    3. Yui Leung, Charles Ka, 2001. "Productivity growth, increasing income inequality and social insurance: the case of China?," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 46(4), pages 395-408, December.

  5. Fung, Michael Ka-Yiu & Ho, Wai-Ming & Zhu, Lijing, 2000. "The Impact of Credit Control and Interest Rate Regulation on the Transforming Chinese Economy: An Analysis of Long-Run Effects," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 293-320, June.

    Cited by:

    1. Yannick Kalantzis & Kenza Benhima & Philippe Bacchetta, 2012. "Capital Controls with International Reserve Accumulation: Can this Be Optimal?," 2012 Meeting Papers 448, Society for Economic Dynamics.
    2. Javad Torkamani & Ali Hussein Samadi & Sanaz Mansouri, 2012. "Financial Repression and Agricultural Growth: The Case of Islamic Republic of Iran (1962-2007)," Iranian Economic Review (IER), Faculty of Economics,University of Tehran.Tehran,Iran, vol. 17(1), pages 147-159, winter.
    3. Jie Li & Han Yu, 2014. "Income inequality and financial reform in Asia: the role of human capital," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(24), pages 2920-2935, August.
    4. Koivu, Tuuli, 2008. "Has the Chinese economy become more sensitive to interest rates? Studying credit demand in China," BOFIT Discussion Papers 1/2008, Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies (BOFIT).
    5. Koivu, Tuuli, 2009. "Has the Chinese economy become more sensitive to interest rates? Studying credit demand in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 455-470, September.

  6. Ho, Wai-Ming, 1996. "Imperfect Information, Money, and Economic Growth," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 28(4), pages 578-603, November.
    See citations under working paper version above.
  7. Ho, Wai-Ming, 1995. "Foreign exchange controls and liquidity," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 14(4), pages 515-538, August.

    Cited by:

    1. Kathleen Dorsainvil, 2000. "Welfare effects of exchange controls: An application to the Haitian economy," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 6(3), pages 427-437, August.

  8. Ho, Wai-Ming, 1993. "Liquidity, exchange rates, and business cycles," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 121-145, August.
    See citations under working paper version above.

More information

Research fields, statistics, top rankings, if available.

Statistics

Access and download statistics for all items

Co-authorship network on CollEc

NEP Fields

NEP is an announcement service for new working papers, with a weekly report in each of many fields. This author has had 2 papers announced in NEP. These are the fields, ordered by number of announcements, along with their dates. If the author is listed in the directory of specialists for this field, a link is also provided.
  1. NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium (2) 2003-12-07 2006-05-20
  2. NEP-MON: Monetary Economics (2) 2003-12-07 2006-05-20
  3. NEP-CBA: Central Banking (1) 2003-12-07
  4. NEP-IFN: International Finance (1) 2003-12-07
  5. NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics (1) 2006-05-20
  6. NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory (1) 2006-05-20

Corrections

All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. For general information on how to correct material on RePEc, see these instructions.

To update listings or check citations waiting for approval, Wai-Ming Ho should log into the RePEc Author Service.

To make corrections to the bibliographic information of a particular item, find the technical contact on the abstract page of that item. There, details are also given on how to add or correct references and citations.

To link different versions of the same work, where versions have a different title, use this form. Note that if the versions have a very similar title and are in the author's profile, the links will usually be created automatically.

Please note that most corrections can take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.