- Michael Gerfin & Martin Schellhorn, 2006.
"Nonparametric bounds on the effect of deductibles in health care insurance on doctor visits - Swiss evidence,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 15(9), pages 1011-1020.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: See citations under working paper version above.
- Gerfin, Michael & Lechner, Michael & Steiger, Heidi, 2005.
"Does subsidised temporary employment get the unemployed back to work? Aneconometric analysis of two different schemes,"
Labour Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 12(6), pages 807-835, December.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions:
- Gerfin, Michael & Lechner, Michael & Steiger, Heidi, 2002.
"Does Subsidised Temporary Employment Get the Unemployed Back to Work? An Econometric Analysis of Two Different Schemes,"
IZA Discussion Papers
606, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
[Downloadable!]
- Gerfin, Michael & Lechner, Michael & Stieger, Heidi, 2002.
"Does Subsidized Temporary Employment Get the Unemployed Back to Work? An Econometric Analysis of Two Different Schemes,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
3669, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
- Michael Gerfin & Michael Lechner & Heidi Steiger, 2003.
"Does subsidised temporary employment get the unemployed back to work? An econometric analysis of two different schemes,"
Diskussionsschriften
dp0303, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.
[Downloadable!]
- Michael Gerfin & Michael Lechner & Heidi Steiger, 2002.
"Does subsidised temporary employment get the unemployed back to work? An econometric analysis of two different schemes,"
University of St. Gallen Department of Economics working paper series 2002
2002-22, Department of Economics, University of St. Gallen.
[Downloadable!]
- Gerfin, Michael & Lechner, Michael & Steiger, Heidi, 2002.
"Does subsidised temporary employment get the unemployed back to work? An econometric analysis of two different schemes,"
10th International Conference on Panel Data, Berlin, July 5-6, 2002
A2-2, International Conferences on Panel Data.
[Downloadable!]
See citations under working paper version above.
- Michael Gerfin & Michael Lechner, 2002.
"A Microeconometric Evaluation of the Active Labour Market Policy in Switzerland,"
Economic Journal,
Royal Economic Society, vol. 112(482), pages 854-893, October.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: See citations under working paper version above.
- Dorothe Bonjour & Michael Gerfin, 2001.
"The unequal distribution of unequal pay - An empirical analysis of the gender wage gap in Switzerland,"
Empirical Economics,
Springer, vol. 26(2), pages 407-427.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: See citations under working paper version above.
- Carol Ernst & Michael Gerfin & Robert E. Leu, 2000.
"Inequality Trends in the Swiss Income Distribution,"
Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES),
Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 136(III), pages 289-305, September.
[Downloadable!]
Cited by:
- Enrico Bolzani & Ramses H. Abul Naga, 2002.
"La Distribution des Salaires en Suisse: Quelques Observations sur la Récession des Années 90,"
Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES),
Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 138(II), pages 115-136, June.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions:
- van Doorslaer, Eddy & Wagstaff, Adam & van der Burg, Hattem & Christiansen, Terkel & De Graeve, Diana & Duchesne, Inge & Gerdtham, Ulf-G & Gerfin, Michael & Geurts, Jose & Gross, Lorna, 2000.
"Equity in the delivery of health care in Europe and the US,"
Journal of Health Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 19(5), pages 553-583, September.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Cited by:
- Martin Schellhorn, 2001.
"The effect of variable health insurance deductibles on the demand for physician visits,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 10(5), pages 441-456.
[Downloadable!]
- Simon Burgess & Carol Propper & John Rigg, 2004.
"The Impact of Low-Income on Child Health: Evidence from a Birth Cohort Study,"
The Centre for Market and Public Organisation
04/098, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - David Cantarero & Marta Pascual & Jose Maria Sarabia, 2004.
"Can income inequality contribute to understand inequalities in health? An empirical approach based on the European Community Household Panel,"
ERSA conference papers
ersa04p230, European Regional Science Association.
[Downloadable!]
- Rosa M. Urbanos-Garrido, .
"Measurement of Inequity in the Delivery of Public Health Care: Evidence from Spain (1997),"
Working Papers
2001-15, FEDEA.
[Downloadable!]
- Teresa Bago d'Uva & Eddy Van Doorslaer & Maarten Lindeboom & Owen O'Donnell, 2008.
"Does reporting heterogeneity bias the measurement of health disparities?,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(3), pages 351-375.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Erik Schokkaert & Carine Van de Voorde, 2005.
"Health care reform in Belgium,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S25-S39.
[Downloadable!]
- Markus Wörz & Reinhard Busse, 2005.
"Analysing the impact of health-care system change in the EU member states - Germany,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S133-S149.
[Downloadable!]
- F. Barigozzi, 2004.
"Supplementary Insurance with Ex-Post Moral Hazard: Efficiency and Redistribution,"
Working Papers
521, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Adam Wagstaff, 2002.
"Reflections on and alternatives to WHO's fairness of financial contribution index,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(2), pages 103-115.
[Downloadable!]
- Teresa Bago d'Uva & Andrew M. Jones & Eddy van Doorslaer, 2007.
"Measurement of Horizontal Inequity in Health Care Utilisation using European Panel Data,"
Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers
07-059/3, Tinbergen Institute.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions:- Teresa Bago d’Uva & Andrew M. Jones & Eddy van Doorslaer, 2007.
"Measurement of horizontal inequity in health care utilisation using European Panel data,"
Health, Econometrics and Data Group (HEDG) Working Papers
07/17, HEDG, c/o Department of Economics, University of York.
[Downloadable!]
- Bago d'Uva, Teresa & Jones, Andrew M. & van Doorslaer, Eddy, 2009.
"Measurement of horizontal inequity in health care utilisation using European panel data,"
Journal of Health Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 280-289, March.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
- Matthew Sutton, 2002.
"Vertical and horizontal aspects of socio-economic inequity in general practitioner contacts in Scotland,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(6), pages 537-549.
[Downloadable!]
- Joan Costa Font & Joan Gil Trasfi, 2006.
"Socio-Economic Inequalities in Reported Depression in Spain : A Decomposition Approach,"
Working Papers in Economics
152, Universitat de Barcelona. Espai de Recerca en Economia.
[Downloadable!]
- Wagstaff, Adam & Doorslaer, Eddy van, 2001.
"Paying for health care : quantifying fairness, catastrophe, and impoverishment, with applications to Vietnam, 1993-98,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
2715, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
- Miriam M. Wiley, 2005.
"The Irish health system: developments in strategy, structure, funding and delivery since 1980,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S169-S186.
[Downloadable!]
- Eddy van Doorslaer & Andrew M. Jones, 2004.
"Income-related inequality in health and health care in the European Union,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(7), pages 605-608.
[Downloadable!]
- Pilar García Gómez & Ángel López, 2004.
"The Evolution of Inequity in the Access to Health Care in Spain: 1987-2001,"
Economics Working Papers
756, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revised Oct 2006.
[Downloadable!]
- Magnus Lindelow, 2006.
"Sometimes more equal than others: how health inequalities depend on the choice of welfare indicator,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 15(3), pages 263-279.
[Downloadable!]
- Yasushi Ohkusa & Chika Honda, 2003.
"Updated Horizontal Inequity in Health Care Utilization in Japan: Comparisons with OECD Countries Using an Original Survey,"
ISER Discussion Paper
0585, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University.
[Downloadable!]
- Alan M. Garber & Jonathan Skinner, 2008.
"Is American Health Care Uniquely Inefficient?,"
NBER Working Papers
14257, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: - Pilar García Gómez & Ángel López, 2004.
"The Evolution of Inequity in the Access to Health Care in Spain: 1987-2001,"
Working Papers, Research Center on Health and Economics
756, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revised Oct 2006.
[Downloadable!]
- Anders Anell, 2005.
"Swedish healthcare under pressure,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S237-S254.
[Downloadable!]
- Richard Cookson & Mark Dusheiko & Geoffrey Hardman, 2006.
"Socio-economic inequality in small area use of elective total hip replacement in the English NHS in 1991 and 2001,"
Working Papers
015cherp, Centre for Health Economics, University of York.
[Downloadable!]
- Elias Mossialos & Sara Allin & Konstantina Davaki, 2005.
"Analysing the Greek health system: a tale of fragmentation and inertia,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S151-S168.
[Downloadable!]
- Marisol Rodríguez & Alexandrina Stoyanova, 2004.
"The effect of private insurance access on the choice of GP|specialist and public|private provider in Spain,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(7), pages 689-703.
[Downloadable!]
- Mª Luz González Alvarez & Antonio Clavero Barranquero, 2008.
"An analysis of income-related inequalities in the health care use by dynamic models,"
Hacienda Pública Española,
IEF, vol. 186(3), pages 9-42, October.
[Downloadable!]
- Sandra Decker & Carol Rapaport, 2002.
"Medicare and Disparities in Women's Health,"
NBER Working Papers
8761, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
- Eddy van Doorslaer & Xander Koolman & Andrew M. Jones, 2004.
"Explaining income-related inequalities in doctor utilisation in Europe,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(7), pages 629-647.
[Downloadable!]
- Hai Zhong, 2007.
"Equity in Pharmaceutical Utilization in Ontario: A Cross Section and Over Time Analysis,"
University of Western Ontario, RBC Financial Group Economic Policy Research Institute Working Papers
20071, University of Western Ontario, RBC Financial Group Economic Policy Research Institute.
[Downloadable!]
- Adam Oliver, 2005.
"The English National Health Service: 1979-2005,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S75-S99.
[Downloadable!]
- Adam Wagstaff & Eddy van Doorslaer, 2003.
"Catastrophe and impoverishment in paying for health care: with applications to Vietnam 1993-1998,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 12(11), pages 921-933.
[Downloadable!]
- Juan D. Moreno Ternero & Carmen Herrero Blanco, 2005.
"Opportunity Analysis Of Newborn Screening Programs,"
Working Papers. Serie AD
2005-02, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas, S.A. (Ivie).
[Downloadable!]
Other versions:- Carmen Herrero & Juan Moreno-Ternero, 2008.
"Opportunity analysis of newborn screening programs,"
Review of Economic Design,
Springer, vol. 12(4), pages 259-277, December.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
- HERRERO, Carmen & MORENO-TERNERO, Juan D., 2007.
"Opportunity analysis of newborn screening programs,"
CORE Discussion Papers
2007029, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
[Downloadable!]
- Qiu, Tian, 2007.
"The Adjusted Measure of Body Mass Index and its Impact on Health,"
MPRA Paper
6270, University Library of Munich, Germany.
[Downloadable!]
- Roberto Montero Granados & José Jesús Martín Martín & Juan de Dios Jiménez Aguilera, 2008.
"Horizontal Inequity in Access to Healthcare Services and Educational Level in Spain,"
FEG Working Paper Series
08/03, Faculty of Economics and Business (University of Granada).
[Downloadable!]
- Sergi Jiménez-Martín & José M. Labeaga & Maite Martínez-Granado, 2002.
"Latent class versus two-part models in the demand for physician services across the European Union,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(4), pages 301-321.
[Downloadable!]
- van Doorslaer, Eddy & O'Donnell, Owen, 2008.
"Measurement and Explanation of Inequality in Health and Health Care in Low-Income Settings,"
Working Papers
DP2008/04, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
[Downloadable!]
- Unto Häkkinen, 2005.
"The impact of changes in Finland's health care system,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S101-S118.
[Downloadable!]
- Hugh Gravelle, 2003.
"Measuring income related inequality in health: standardisation and the partial concentration index,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 12(10), pages 803-819.
[Downloadable!]
- Bond, Derek & Conniffe, Denis, 2003.
"Allocating Funding across Health Boards - Is Equity Easy?,"
Papers
HRBWP05, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI).
[Downloadable!]
- Massimo Baldini & Gilberto Turati, 2006.
"Long-run and short-run constraints in the access to private health care services: evidence from selected european countries,"
Center for the Analysis of Public Policies (CAPP)
0611, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Economia Politica.
[Downloadable!]
- Derek Bond and Prof. Denis Conniffe, 2002.
"Cross-Regional Equity in Health Care Funding,"
NIRSA Working Paper Series
3, National Institute for Regional and Spatial Analysis (NIRSA), NUI Maynooth, Ireland..
[Downloadable!]
- Audun Langørgen, 2004.
"Needs, economic constraints, and the distribution of public home-care,"
Applied Economics,
Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 36(5), pages 485-496, March.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
- Sandra L. Decker & Dahlia K. Remler, 2004.
"How Much Might Universal Health Insurance Reduce Socioeconomic Disparities in Health? A Comparison of the US and Canada,"
NBER Working Papers
10715, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
- Xander Koolman & Eddy van Doorslaer, 2004.
"On the interpretation of a concentration index of inequality,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(7), pages 649-656.
[Downloadable!]
- Lindelow, Magnus, 2004.
"Sometimes more equal than others : how health inequalities depend on the choice of welfare indicator,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
3329, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
- van Doorslaer, Eddy & Wagstaff, Adam & van der Burg, Hattem & Christiansen, Terkel & Citoni, Guido & Di Biase, Rita & Gerdtham, Ulf-G. & Gerfin, Mike & Gross, Lorna & Hakinnen, Unto, 1999.
"The redistributive effect of health care finance in twelve OECD countries,"
Journal of Health Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 291-313, June.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Cited by:
- Philip M. Clarke & Ulf-G Gerdtham & Luke B. Connelly, 2003.
"A note on the decomposition of the health concentration index,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 12(6), pages 511-516.
[Downloadable!]
- Owen O’Donnell, 2006.
"Who Pays for Health Care in Asia?,"
Working Papers
id:775, esocialsciences.com.
[Downloadable!]
- Adam Wagstaff, 2002.
"Reflections on and alternatives to WHO's fairness of financial contribution index,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(2), pages 103-115.
[Downloadable!]
- Casey Mulligan & Tomas Philipson, .
"Merit Motives and Government Intervention: Public Finance in Reverse,"
University of Chicago - Population Research Center
2000-03, Chicago - Population Research Center.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Wagstaff, Adam & Doorslaer, Eddy van, 2001.
"Paying for health care : quantifying fairness, catastrophe, and impoverishment, with applications to Vietnam, 1993-98,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
2715, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
- Ivonne Honekamp & Daniel Possenriede, 2008.
"Redistributive effects in public health care financing,"
The European Journal of Health Economics,
Springer, vol. 9(4), pages 405-416, November.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
- Wagstaff, Adam, 2007.
"Social health insurance reexamined,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
4111, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
- Chunhuei Chi & Jwo-Leun Lee & Shu-Ling Tsai & Wen-Yi Chen, 2008.
"Out-of-pocket payment for medical care under Taiwan's National Health Insurance system,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(8), pages 961-975.
[Downloadable!]
- Mónica Duarte Oliveira & Carlos Gouveia Pinto, 2005.
"Health care reform in Portugal: an evaluation of the NHS experience,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S203-S220.
[Downloadable!]
- Guillem Lopez-Casasnovas & Joan Costa-Font & Ivan Planas, 2005.
"Diversity and regional inequalities in the Spanish 'system of health care services',"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S221-S235.
[Downloadable!]
- Pia Schneider & Kara Hanson, 2006.
"Horizontal equity in utilisation of care and fairness of health financing: a comparison of micro-health insurance and user fees in Rwanda,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 15(1), pages 19-31.
[Downloadable!]
- van Doorslaer, Eddy & O'Donnell, Owen, 2008.
"Measurement and Explanation of Inequality in Health and Health Care in Low-Income Settings,"
Working Papers
DP2008/04, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
[Downloadable!]
- Carol Propper, 2001.
"Expenditure on healthcare in the UK: a review of the issues,"
Fiscal Studies,
Institute for Fiscal Studies, vol. 22(2), pages 151-183, June.
[Downloadable!]
- Wagstaff, Adam & van Doorslaer, Eddy & van der Burg, Hattem & Calonge, Samuel & Christiansen, Terkel & Citoni, Guido & Gerdtham, Ulf-G. & Gerfin, Michael & Gross, Lorna & Hakinnen, Unto, 1999.
"Redistributive effect, progressivity and differential tax treatment: Personal income taxes in twelve OECD countries,"
Journal of Public Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 72(1), pages 73-98, April.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Cited by:
- Horacio Levy & José Ricardo Nogueira & Rozane Bezerra de Siqueira & Herwig Immervoll & Cathal O’Donoghue, 2008.
"Simulating the impact of inflation on the progressivity of personal income tax in Brazil,"
LATINMOD Working Papers Series
2008-01, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México.
[Downloadable!]
- Olivier Bargain & Amedeo Spadaro, 2008.
"Optimal Taxation, Social Contract and the Four Worlds of Welfare Capitalism,"
Working Papers
200816, School Of Economics, University College Dublin.
[Downloadable!]
- Stefan Bach & Giacomo Corneo & Viktor Steiner, 2008.
"Effective Taxation of Top Incomes in Germany, 1992-2002,"
CESifo Working Paper Series
CESifo Working Paper No. , CESifo Group Munich.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Immervoll, Herwig & Levy, Horacio & Lietz, Christine & Mantovani, Daniela & O'Donoghue, Cathal & Sutherland, Holly & Verbist, Gerlinde, 2006.
"Household Incomes and Redistribution in the European Union: Quantifying the Equalising Properties of Taxes and Benefits,"
Economics Series
184, Institute for Advanced Studies.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - O'donoghue C & Baldini M & Mantovani D, 2004.
"Modelling The Redistributive Impact Of Indirect Taxes In Europe: An Application Of EUROMOD,"
EUROMOD Working Papers
EM7/01, EUROMOD at the Institute for Social and Economic Research.
[Downloadable!]
- Davide Tondani, 2005.
"Tax system and reforms in Europe: Spain,"
Public Economics
0511003, EconWPA.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Amedeo Spadaro, 2008.
"Optimal taxation, social contract and the four worlds of welfare capitalism,"
PSE Working Papers
2008-38, PSE (Ecole normale supérieure).
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Wagstaff, Adam, 2005.
"Decomposing changes in income inequality into vertical and horizontal redistribution and reranking, with applications to China and Vietnam,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
3559, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
- Kinam Kim & Peter J. Lambert, 2007.
"Redistributive Effect of U.S. Taxes and Public Transfers, 1994-2004,"
University of Oregon Economics Department Working Papers
2007-3, University of Oregon Economics Department, revised 06 Feb 2007.
[Downloadable!]
- Immervoll H, 2004.
"Falling Up The Stairs. An Exploration Of The Effects Of Bracket Creep On Household Incomes,"
EUROMOD Working Papers
EM3/04, EUROMOD at the Institute for Social and Economic Research, revised 01 Oct 2004.
[Downloadable!]
- Verbist G, 2004.
"Redistributive Effect And Progressivity Of Taxes An International Comparison Across The EU Using EUROMOD,"
EUROMOD Working Papers
EM5/04, EUROMOD at the Institute for Social and Economic Research.
[Downloadable!]
- Wagstaff, Adam & van Doorslaer, Eddy & van der Burg, Hattem & Calonge, Samuel & Christiansen, Terkel & Citoni, Guido & Gerdtham, Ulf-G & Gerfin, Mike & Gross, Lorna & Hakinnen, Unto, 1999.
"Equity in the finance of health care: some further international comparisons1,"
Journal of Health Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 263-290, June.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Cited by:
- Friedrich Breyer & Andreas Haufler, 2000.
"Health Care Reform: Separating Insurance from Income Redistribution,"
Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin
205, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Mathias Kifmann, 2005.
"Health insurance in a democracy: Why is it public and why are premiums income related?,"
Public Choice,
Springer, vol. 124(3), pages 283-308, September.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
- Gillian E. Hanley & Steve Morgan & Jeremiah Hurley & Eddy van Doorslaer, 2008.
"Distributional consequences of the transition from age-based to income-based prescription drug coverage in British Columbia, Canada,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(12), pages 1379-1392.
[Downloadable!]
- Erik Schokkaert & Carine Van de Voorde, 2005.
"Health care reform in Belgium,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S25-S39.
[Downloadable!]
- Markus Wörz & Reinhard Busse, 2005.
"Analysing the impact of health-care system change in the EU member states - Germany,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S133-S149.
[Downloadable!]
- Owen O’Donnell, 2006.
"Who Pays for Health Care in Asia?,"
Working Papers
id:775, esocialsciences.com.
[Downloadable!]
- Adam Wagstaff, 2002.
"Reflections on and alternatives to WHO's fairness of financial contribution index,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(2), pages 103-115.
[Downloadable!]
- Casey Mulligan & Tomas Philipson, .
"Merit Motives and Government Intervention: Public Finance in Reverse,"
University of Chicago - Population Research Center
2000-03, Chicago - Population Research Center.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Maureen Mackintosh & Kwadwo Mensah & Leroi Henry & Michael Rowson, 2006.
"Aid, restitution and international fiscal redistribution in health care: implications of health professionals' migration,"
Journal of International Development,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(6), pages 757-770.
[Downloadable!]
- Adam Wagstaff, 2007.
"Health systems in East Asia: what can developing countries learn from Japan and the Asian Tigers?,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(5), pages 441-456.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Kjeld Møller Pedersen & Terkel Christiansen & Mickael Bech, 2005.
"The Danish health care system: evolution - not revolution - in a decentralized system,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S41-S57.
[Downloadable!]
- Miriam M. Wiley, 2005.
"The Irish health system: developments in strategy, structure, funding and delivery since 1980,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S169-S186.
[Downloadable!]
- Gabriel M. Leung & Keith Y. K. Tin & Owen O'Donnell, 2009.
"Redistribution or horizontal equity in Hong Kong's mixed public-private health system: a policy conundrum,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(1), pages 37-54.
[Downloadable!]
- Ivonne Honekamp & Daniel Possenriede, 2008.
"Redistributive effects in public health care financing,"
The European Journal of Health Economics,
Springer, vol. 9(4), pages 405-416, November.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
- Anders Anell, 2005.
"Swedish healthcare under pressure,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S237-S254.
[Downloadable!]
- Chunhuei Chi & Jwo-Leun Lee & Shu-Ling Tsai & Wen-Yi Chen, 2008.
"Out-of-pocket payment for medical care under Taiwan's National Health Insurance system,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(8), pages 961-975.
[Downloadable!]
- Nora Markova, 2007.
"How Does the Introduction of Health Insurance Change the Equity in the Health Care Provision in Bulgaria?,"
IMF Working Papers
06/285, International Monetary Fund.
[Downloadable!]
- Pia Schneider & Kara Hanson, 2006.
"Horizontal equity in utilisation of care and fairness of health financing: a comparison of micro-health insurance and user fees in Rwanda,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 15(1), pages 19-31.
[Downloadable!]
- van Doorslaer, Eddy & O'Donnell, Owen, 2008.
"Measurement and Explanation of Inequality in Health and Health Care in Low-Income Settings,"
Working Papers
DP2008/04, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
[Downloadable!]
- Unto Häkkinen, 2005.
"The impact of changes in Finland's health care system,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S101-S118.
[Downloadable!]
- Martine M. Bellanger & Philippe R. Mossé, 2005.
"The search for the Holy Grail: combining decentralised planning and contracting mechanisms in the French health care system,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S119-S132.
[Downloadable!]
- Verbist G, 2004.
"Redistributive Effect And Progressivity Of Taxes An International Comparison Across The EU Using EUROMOD,"
EUROMOD Working Papers
EM5/04, EUROMOD at the Institute for Social and Economic Research.
[Downloadable!]
- Xander Koolman & Eddy van Doorslaer, 2004.
"On the interpretation of a concentration index of inequality,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(7), pages 649-656.
[Downloadable!]
- Michael Hoy & Michael Ruse, 2008.
"“No Solution to This Dilemma Exists”: Discrimination, Insurance, and the Human Genome Project,"
Working Papers
0808, University of Guelph, Department of Economics.
[Downloadable!]
- Carol Propper, 2001.
"Expenditure on healthcare in the UK: a review of the issues,"
Fiscal Studies,
Institute for Fiscal Studies, vol. 22(2), pages 151-183, June.
[Downloadable!]
- Luca Crivelli & Massimo Filippini & Ilaria Mosca, 2006.
"Federalism and regional health care expenditures: an empirical analysis for the Swiss cantons,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 15(5), pages 535-541.
[Downloadable!]
- van Doorslaer, Eddy & Wagstaff, Adam & Bleichrodt, Han & Calonge, Samuel & Gerdtham, Ulf-G. & Gerfin, Michael & Geurts, Jose & Gross, Lorna & Hakkinen, Unto & Leu, Robert E., 1997.
"Income-related inequalities in health: some international comparisons,"
Journal of Health Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 16(1), pages 93-112, February.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Cited by:
- Dominique Henriet & Jean-Charles Rochet, 2006.
"Is public health insurance an appropriate instrument for redistribution?,"
Annales d'Economie et de Statistique,
ADRES, issue 83-84, pages 03, Juillet-D.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - David Cantarero & Marta Pascual & Jose Maria Sarabia, 2004.
"Can income inequality contribute to understand inequalities in health? An empirical approach based on the European Community Household Panel,"
ERSA conference papers
ersa04p230, European Regional Science Association.
[Downloadable!]
- Monika Sander, 2008.
"Is There Migration-Related Inequity in Access to or in the Utilisation of Health Care in Germany?,"
SOEPpapers
147, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
[Downloadable!]
- Pierre Pestieau, 2007.
"Assessing the performance of the public sector,"
CREPP Working Papers
0703, Centre de Recherche en Economie Publique et de la Population (CREPP) (Research Center on Public and Population Economics) HEC-Management School, University of Liège.
[Downloadable!]
- Pilar García Gómez & Ángel López, 2004.
"Regional Differences in Socio-Economic Health Inequalities in Spain,"
Working Papers, Research Center on Health and Economics
757, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revised Oct 2004.
[Downloadable!]
- Andrew M. Jones & Ángel López-Nicolás, 2002.
"The Importance of Individual Heterogeneity in the Decomposition of Measures of Socioeconomic Inequality in Health: An Approach Based on Quantile Regression,"
Economics Working Papers
626, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Andrew M. Jones & Ángel López, 2003.
"Measurement and Explanation of Socioeconomic Inequality in Health with Longitudinal Data,"
Working Papers, Research Center on Health and Economics
711, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions:- Andrew M. Jones & Angel López Nicolás, 2004.
"Measurement and explanation of socioeconomic inequality in health with longitudinal data,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(10), pages 1015-1030.
[Downloadable!]
- Andrew M. Jones & Ángel López, 2003.
"Measurement and Explanation of Socioeconomic Inequality in Health with Longitudinal Data,"
Economics Working Papers
711, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
[Downloadable!]
- Tamara Tonoyan, 2005.
"Poverty, Inequality and Health: А case study of Armenia,"
Departmental Discussion Papers
124, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.
[Downloadable!]
- Frijters, Paul & Haisken-DeNew, John & Shields, Michael A., 2005.
"Socio-Economic Status, Health Shocks, Life Satisfaction and Mortality: Evidence from an Increasing Mixed Proportional Hazard Model,"
IZA Discussion Papers
1488, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Sahn, David E. & Younger, Stephen D., 2007.
"Inequality and Poverty in Africa in an Era of Globalization: Looking Beyond Income to Health and Education,"
Working Papers
UNU-WIDER Research Paper , World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
[Downloadable!]
- Jeffrey Milyo & Jennifer M. Mellor, 2004.
"State Social Capital and Individual Health Status,"
Working Papers
0419, Department of Economics, University of Missouri.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Adam Wagstaff & Eddy van Doorslaer, 2004.
"Overall versus socioeconomic health inequality: a measurement framework and two empirical illustrations,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(3), pages 297-301.
[Downloadable!]
- Teresa Bago d'Uva & Eddy Van Doorslaer & Maarten Lindeboom & Owen O'Donnell, 2008.
"Does reporting heterogeneity bias the measurement of health disparities?,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(3), pages 351-375.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Philip M. Clarke & Ulf-G Gerdtham & Luke B. Connelly, 2003.
"A note on the decomposition of the health concentration index,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 12(6), pages 511-516.
[Downloadable!]
- Lindeboom, Maarten & van Doorslaer, Eddy, 2004.
"Cut-Point Shift and Index Shift in Self-Reported Health,"
IZA Discussion Papers
1286, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
[Downloadable!]
Other versions:- Lindeboom, Maarten & van Doorslaer, Eddy, 2004.
"Cut-point shift and index shift in self-reported health,"
Journal of Health Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 23(6), pages 1083-1099, November.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
- Maarten Lindeboom & Eddy van Doorslaer, 2003.
"Cut-point Shift and Index Shift in Self-reported Health,"
Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers
03-042/3, Tinbergen Institute.
[Downloadable!]
- Wagstaff, Adam, 2002.
"Inequalities in health in developing countries - swimming against the tide?,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
2795, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
- Vincenzo Atella & Francesco Brindisi & Partha Deb & Furio C. Rosati, 2004.
"Determinants of access to physician services in Italy: a latent class seemingly unrelated probit approach,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(7), pages 657-668.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Andrew Jones & Ángel López Nicolás, 2006.
"Allowing for heterogeneity in the decomposition of measures of inequality in health,"
Journal of Economic Inequality,
Springer, vol. 4(3), pages 347-365, December.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions:- Andrew M. Jones & Ángel López, 2004.
"Allowing for heterogeneity in the decomposition of measures of inequality in health,"
Economics Working Papers
929, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revised Jun 2005.
[Downloadable!]
- Andrew M. Jones & Ángel López, 2004.
"Allowing for heterogeneity in the decomposition of measures of inequality in health,"
Working Papers, Research Center on Health and Economics
929, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revised Jun 2005.
[Downloadable!]
- Hugh Gravelle, .
"Measuring income related inequality in health and health care: the partial concentration index with direct and indirect standardisation,"
Discussion Papers
01/17, Department of Economics, University of York.
[Downloadable!]
- Heshmati, Almas, 2004.
"Inequalities and Their Measurement,"
IZA Discussion Papers
1219, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
[Downloadable!]
- M. Dolores Montoya Diaz, 2002.
"Socio-economic health inequalities in Brazil: gender and age effects,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(2), pages 141-154.
[Downloadable!]
- Paul Contoyannis & Martin Forster, 1999.
"'Our healthier nation'?,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 8(4), pages 289-296.
- Matthew Sutton, 2002.
"Vertical and horizontal aspects of socio-economic inequity in general practitioner contacts in Scotland,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(6), pages 537-549.
[Downloadable!]
- Wagstaf, Adam & Paci, Pierella & Joshi, Heather, 2001.
"Causes of inequality in health : who are you? where do you live? or who your parents were?,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
2713, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
- Michael Hurd & Arie Kapteyn, 2003.
"Health, Wealth, and the Role of Institutions,"
Working Papers
03-09, RAND Corporation Publications Department.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Saloua Sehili & Elamin H. Elbasha & David G. Moriarty & Matthew M. Zack, 2005.
"Inequalities in self-reported physical health in the United States, 1993-1999,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(4), pages 377-389.
[Downloadable!]
- Doyle, Orla & Harmon, Colm & Walker, Ian, 2005.
"The Impact of Parental Income and Education on the Health of their Children,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
5359, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: - Eddy van Doorslaer & Andrew M. Jones, 2004.
"Income-related inequality in health and health care in the European Union,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(7), pages 605-608.
[Downloadable!]
- Magnus Lindelow, 2006.
"Sometimes more equal than others: how health inequalities depend on the choice of welfare indicator,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 15(3), pages 263-279.
[Downloadable!]
- Yasushi Ohkusa & Chika Honda, 2003.
"Updated Horizontal Inequity in Health Care Utilization in Japan: Comparisons with OECD Countries Using an Original Survey,"
ISER Discussion Paper
0585, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University.
[Downloadable!]
- Jean-Pierre Lachaud, 2003.
"La dynamique de l'inégalité de la malnutrition des enfants en Afrique. Une analyse comparative fondée sur une décomposition de régression,"
Documents de travail
86, Groupe d'Economie du Développement de l'Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV.
[Downloadable!]
- Ivonne Honekamp & Daniel Possenriede, 2008.
"Redistributive effects in public health care financing,"
The European Journal of Health Economics,
Springer, vol. 9(4), pages 405-416, November.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
- Erik Meijer & Arie Kapteyn & Tatiana Andreyeva, 2008.
"Health Indexes and Retirement Modeling in International Comparisons,"
Working Papers
614, RAND Corporation Publications Department.
[Downloadable!]
- Guillem López-Casasnovas & Berta Rivera, 2002.
"Las políticas de equidad en salud y las relaciones entre renta y salud,"
Hacienda Pública Española,
IEF, vol. 161(2), pages 99-126, June.
[Downloadable!]
- Eddy van Doorslaer & Xander Koolman, 2004.
"Explaining the differences in income-related health inequalities across European countries,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(7), pages 609-628.
[Downloadable!]
- Richard Layte & Brian Nolan, 2004.
"Equity in the Utilisation of Health Care in Ireland,"
The Economic and Social Review,
Economic and Social Studies, vol. 35(2), pages 111â134.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: - Johnston, David W & Propper, Carol & Shields, Michael, 2007.
"Comparing Subjective and Objective Measures of Health: Evidence from Hypertension for the Income/Health Gradient,"
CEPR Discussion Papers
6270, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions:- Johnston, David W. & Propper, Carol & Shields, Michael A., 2009.
"Comparing subjective and objective measures of health: Evidence from hypertension for the income/health gradient,"
Journal of Health Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 540-552, May.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
- David W. Johnston & Carol Propper & Michael A. Shields, 2007.
"Comparing Subjective and Objective Measures of Health: Evidence from Hypertension for the Income/Health Gradient,"
IZA Discussion Papers
2737, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
[Downloadable!]
- David W.Johnston & Carol Propper & Michael A.Shields, 2007.
"Comparing Subjective and Objective Measures of Health: Evidence from Hypertension for the Income/Health Gradient,"
The Centre for Market and Public Organisation
07/171, Department of Economics, University of Bristol, UK.
[Downloadable!]
- Mª Luz González Alvarez & Antonio Clavero Barranquero, 2008.
"An analysis of income-related inequalities in the health care use by dynamic models,"
Hacienda Pública Española,
IEF, vol. 186(3), pages 9-42, October.
[Downloadable!]
- Granlund , David & Chuc , NT & Phuc , HD & Lindholm, Lars, 2008.
"Inequality in mortality in Vietnam: unravel the causes,"
Umeå Economic Studies
751, Umeå University, Department of Economics.
[Downloadable!]
- Friedrich Breyer & Martin Heineck & Normann Lorenz, 2003.
"Determinants of health care utilization by German sickness fund members - with application to risk adjustment,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 12(5), pages 367-376.
[Downloadable!]
- Carol Propper & Jenny Eachus & Philip Chan & Nicky Pearson & George Davey Smith, 2005.
"Access to health care resources in the UK: the case of care for arthritis,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(4), pages 391-406.
[Downloadable!]
- Dolores Jiménez-Rubio & Peter C. Smith & Eddy Van Doorslaer, 2008.
"Equity in health and health care in a decentralised context: evidence from Canada,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(3), pages 377-392.
[Downloadable!]
- Kristina Burström & Magnus Johannesson & Finn Diderichsen, 2005.
"Increasing socio-economic inequalities in life expectancy and QALYs in Sweden 1980-1997,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(8), pages 831-850.
[Downloadable!]
- Mas, Nuria, 2009.
"Responding to financial pressures. The effect of managed care on hospitals' provision of charity care,"
IESE Research Papers
D/782, IESE Business School.
[Downloadable!]
- Roberto Montero Granados & José Jesús Martín Martín & Juan de Dios Jiménez Aguilera, 2008.
"Horizontal Inequity in Access to Healthcare Services and Educational Level in Spain,"
FEG Working Paper Series
08/03, Faculty of Economics and Business (University of Granada).
[Downloadable!]
- Stavros Petrou & Christine Hockley, 2005.
"An investigation into the empirical validity of the EQ-5D and SF-6D based on hypothetical preferences in a general population,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(11), pages 1169-1189.
[Downloadable!]
- Jan Klavus, 1999.
"Health care and economic well-being: estimating equivalence scales for public health care utilization,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 8(7), pages 613-625.
- van Doorslaer, Eddy & O'Donnell, Owen, 2008.
"Measurement and Explanation of Inequality in Health and Health Care in Low-Income Settings,"
Working Papers
DP2008/04, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
[Downloadable!]
- Philip M. Clarke & Chris Ryan, 2006.
"Self-reported health: reliability and consequences for health inequality measurement,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 15(6), pages 645-652.
[Downloadable!]
- Luis Ayala & José M. Labeaga & Carolina Navarro, .
"housing deprivation and health status: evidence from Spain?,"
Working Papers
2005-02, FEDEA.
[Downloadable!]
- Adam Wagstaff & Naoko Watanabe, 2003.
"What difference does the choice of SES make in health inequality measurement?,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 12(10), pages 885-890.
[Downloadable!]
- Pilar García Gómez & Ángel López, 2004.
"Regional Differences in Socio-Economic Health Inequalities in Spain,"
Economics Working Papers
757, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revised Oct 2004.
[Downloadable!]
- Unto Häkkinen, 2005.
"The impact of changes in Finland's health care system,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(S1), pages S101-S118.
[Downloadable!]
- Atella Vincenzo & Francesco Brindisi & Partha Deb & Furio C. Rosati, 2002.
"Determinants Of Access To Physician Services In Italy: A Latent Class Probit Approach,"
Departmental Working Papers
158, Tor Vergata University, CEIS.
[Downloadable!]
- Hugh Gravelle, 2003.
"Measuring income related inequality in health: standardisation and the partial concentration index,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 12(10), pages 803-819.
[Downloadable!]
- Massimo Baldini & Gilberto Turati, 2006.
"Long-run and short-run constraints in the access to private health care services: evidence from selected european countries,"
Center for the Analysis of Public Policies (CAPP)
0611, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Economia Politica.
[Downloadable!]
- Paula Veiga, 2005.
"Income-related health inequality in Portugal,"
Working Papers
28, Núcleo de Investigação em Microeconomia Aplicada (NIMA), Universidade do Minho.
[Downloadable!]
- Tomoki Fujii, 2007.
"Geographic Decomposition of Inequality in Health and Wealth: Evidence from Cambodia,"
Working Papers
24-2007, Singapore Management University, School of Economics.
[Downloadable!]
- Rhiannon Tudor Edwards, 2001.
"Paradigms and research programmes: is it time to move from health care economics to health economics?,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 10(7), pages 635-649.
[Downloadable!]
- Xander Koolman & Eddy van Doorslaer, 2004.
"On the interpretation of a concentration index of inequality,"
Health Economics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 13(7), pages 649-656.
[Downloadable!]
- Lindelow, Magnus, 2004.
"Sometimes more equal than others : how health inequalities depend on the choice of welfare indicator,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
3329, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
- Lokshin, Michael & Ravallion, Martin, 2005.
"Searching for the economic gradient in self-assessed health,"
Policy Research Working Paper Series
3698, The World Bank.
[Downloadable!]
- Gerfin, Michael, 1996.
"Parametric and Semi-parametric Estimation of the Binary Response Model of Labor Market Participation,"
Journal of Applied Econometrics,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(3), pages 321-39, May-June.
[Downloadable!] (restricted)
Other versions: See citations under working paper version above.
- Michael Gerfin, 1994.
"Income Distribution, Income Inequality and Life Cycle Effects - A Nonparametric Analysis for Switzerland,"
Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES),
Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 130(III), pages 509-522, September.
[Downloadable!]
Other versions: See citations under working paper version above.
- Gerfin, Michael, 1993.
"A Simultaneous Discrete Choice Model of Labor Supply and Wages for Married Women in Switzerland,"
Empirical Economics,
Springer, vol. 18(2), pages 337-56.
Cited by:
- Christophe Kolodziejczyk, 2005.
"Wives’ Labor Supply and Taxation: a Conditional Preferences Approach,"
CAM Working Papers
2005-02, University of Copenhagen. Department of Economics. Centre for Applied Microeconometrics.
[Downloadable!]
- Reto Nyffeler, 2005.
"Different Modeling Strategies for Discrete Choice Models of Female Labour Supply: Estimates for Switzerland,"
Diskussionsschriften
dp0508, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.
[Downloadable!]
This page was last updated on 2009-12-18.