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Creativity and Entrepreneurship: A Regional Analysis of New Firm Formation

Author

Listed:
  • Sam Youl Lee
  • Richard Florida
  • Zoltan Acs

Abstract

Lee S. Y., Florida R. and Acs Z. J. (2004) Creativity and entrepreneurship: a regional analysis of new firm formation, Regional Studies38, 879-891. Understanding the factors that promote or mitigate new firm birth is crucial to regional economic development efforts, since a high level of new firm creation significantly contributes to regional economic vitality and is a major signal of a dynamic economy. The literature suggests that various factors such as unemployment, population density/ growth, industrial structure, human capital, the availability of financing and entrepreneurial characteristics significantly influence regional variation in new firm birth rates. This study explores whether connections exist among regional social characteristics, human capital and new firm formation. It argues that social diversity and creativity have a positive relationship with new firm formation. Building on the contributions of urbanist Jane Jacobs, Lee, Florida and Gates (2002) showed that social diversity and human capital have positive and significant relationships with regional innovation production measured by per capita patent production. While it is well known that regional human capital stock positively affects new firm formation rates, little attention has been paid to the interaction among social diversity, human capital and entrepreneurship. It is argued that low barriers of entry into the regional labour market (as exhibited in part by the presence of a diverse population) and diverse culture facilitate the influx of a particular kind of human capital that promotes innovation and accelerates information flow, leading to the higher rate of new firm formation. The empirical results support the main hypothesis. By using Longitudinal Establishment and Enterprise Microdata (LEEM), the hypothesis is tested at the Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) level as well as at the Labor Market Areas (LMAs) level. New firm formation is strongly associated with cultural creativity when controlled for the variables suggested in the literature. Firm formation is positively and significantly associated with the Diversity Index but insignificantly with the Melting Pot Index. The results suggest that one needs to pay attention to the social habitat of a region to boost a regional entrepreneurial dynamics. Lee S. Y., Florida R. et Acs Z. J. (2004) La creativite et l'esprit d'entreprise: une analyse regionale de la creation d'entreprise, Regional Studies38, 879-891. Comprendre les facteurs favorables ou defavorables a la creation d'entreprise joue un role capital dans le developpement economique regional, parce qu'un taux de creation eleve contribue de facon tres significative a la vitalite economique regionale et constitue un clignotant majeur d'une economie dynamique. La documentation laisse supposer que divers facteurs, tels le chomage, la densite/la croissance de la population, la structure industrielle, le capital humain, la disponibilite du financement, et les caracteristiques de l'esprit d'entreprise influencent sensiblement la variation regionale des taux de creation d'entreprise. Cette etude cherche a examiner si, oui ou non, on peut etablir une correlation entre des caracteristiques sociales regionales, le capital humain, et la creation d'entreprise. On soutient que la diversite sociale et la creativite sont en correlation etroite et significative avec la creation d'entreprise. Le developpement des contributions de l'urbaniste Jane Jacobs, Lee, Florida et Gates (2002) a demontre que la diversite sociale et le capital humain sont en correlation etroite et significative avec l'innovation regionale, mesuree en termes du nombre de brevets detenus par tete. Alors qu'il est recu que le stock du capital humain influence de facon positive les taux de creation d'entreprise, on prete peu d'attention a l'interaction entre la diversite sociale, le capital humain, et l'esprit d'entreprise. On soutient que les barrieres a l'insertion sur le marche du travail regional peu elevees (ce qui laisse supposer jusqu'a un certain point la presence d'une population diverse) et une culture diverse facilitent l'afflux d'un capital humain particulierement propice a l'innovation et qui accelere le flux d'information, ce qui amene a un taux de creation d'entreprise plus eleve. Les resulats empiriques viennent a l'appui de l'hypothese principal avance. A partir des donnees longitudinales et microeconomiques sur les entreprises (Longitudinal Establishment and Enterprise Microdata - LEEM), on cherche a tester l'hypothese sur le plan metropolitain (Metropolitan Statistical Areas - MSAs) ainsi qu'au niveau des marches du travail locaux (Labour Market Areas - LMAs). Il s'avere que la creation d'entreprise est en correlation etroite avec la creativite culturelle, une fois controlee pour les variables proposees dans la documentation. La creation d'entreprise est en correlation etroite et significative avec l'indice Diversite mais en correlation faible avec l'indice Melting- pot. Les resultats semblent indiquer qu'il faut faire attention a l'habitat social d'une region pour donner de l'impulsion a la dynamique regionale entrepreneuriale. Lee S. Y., Florida R. und Acs Z. J. (2004) Kreativitat und Unternehmertum: eine Regionalanalyse der Grundung neuer Firmen, Regional Studies38, 879-891. Verstandnis der Faktoren, welche die Grundung neuer Firmen fordern oder erleichtern, ist unerlasslich fur die Bemuhungen um regionale Wirtschaftentwicklung, da ein hoherer Anteil neuer Firmengrundungen wesentlich zur regionalen Wirtschaftsentwicklung beitragt, und ein Hauptanzeichen einer dymanischen Wirtschaft darstellt. Die Literatur deutet darauf hin, dass verschiedene Faktoren, wie Erwerbslosigkeit, Bevolkerungsdichte/wachstum, Industriestruktur, Menschenkapital, Vorhandensein von Finanzierungsmoglichkeiten und unternehmerische Eigenschaften signifkante regionale Unterschiede bei der Rate neuer Firmengrundungen nach sich ziehen. In dieser Studie wird untersucht, ob Verbindungen zwischen regionalen gesellschaftlichen Eigenschaften, Menschenkapital und der Grundung neuer Firmen bestehen. Es wird die These aufgestellt, dass gesellschaftliche Verschiedenartigkeit und Kreativitat ein positives Verhaltnis zur Grundung neuer Firmen aufweisen. Gestutzt auf Beitrage der Urbanistin Jane Jacobs, zeigten Lee, Florida und Gates (2002), dass gemessen an pro-Kopf -patentanmeldung, gesellschaftliche Vielfalt und Menschenkapital positive und signifikante Beziehungen zu regionaler Innovationsproduktion aufweisen. Obschon es wohlbekannt ist, dass Bestande regionalen Menschenkapitals die Rate neuer Firmengrundungen positiv beeinflusst, hat man der Wechselwirkung von gesellschaftlicher Vielfalt, Menschenkapital und Unternehmertum wenig Beachtung geschenkt. Die Autoren stellen die These auf, dass geringe Schranken beim Eintritt in den regionalen Arbeitsmarkt (wie z.T. durch das Vorhandensein einer vielschichtigen Bevolkerung bewiesen wird) und unterschiedliche Kultur den Zustrom einer besonderen Art von Menschenkapital ermoglichen, das Innovation fordert und Informationsstrome beschleunigt, und somit zu einer hoheren Rate neuer Firmengrundungen fuhrt. Die empirischen Ergebnisse bestatigen die Haupthypothese. Mittels Anwendung der langfristigen Grundungs- und Unternehmensmikrodaten (Longitudinal Establishment and Enterprise Microdata - LEEM) wird die Hypothese auf der Ebene von Statistiken von Grossstadtregionen (Metropolitan Statistical Areas - MSAs) wie als auch auf derjenigen der Arbeitsmarktregionen (Labor Market Areas - LMAs) gepruft. Es ergibt sich, dass die Grundung neuer Firmen sich als stark mit kultureller Kreativitat verbunden erweist, wenn sie auf in der Literatur vorgeschlagene Variable hin untersucht werden. Firmengrundung steht in positivem und signifkantem Verhaltnis zum Diversity Index, bleibt jedoch unbedeutend in Bezug auf den Melting Pot Index. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass dem gesellschaftlichen Lebensraum einer Region Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt werden muss, wenn regionale Unternehmertumsdynamik gefordert werden soll. Lee S. Y., Florida R. y Acs Z. J. (2004) Creatividad y empresarialidad: un analisis regional de la formacion de nuevas empresas, Regional Studies38, 879-891. Entender los factores que promueven o mitigan el nacimiento de nuevas empresas es crucial para los esfuerzos de desarrollo economico regional, puesto que un nivel alto en la creacion de nuevas empresas contribuye de forma significativa a la vitalidad economica regional y es una senal muy importante de una economia dinamica. La literatura sugiere que varios factores como el desempleo, la densidad/crecimiento de la poblacion, la estructura industrial, el capital humano, la disponibilidad de capital financiero, y caracteristicas de la empresarialidad influyen significativamente en la variacion regional de los indices de nacimiento de nuevas empresas. En este estudio exploramos si existen conexiones entre las caracteristicas sociales regionales, el capital humano, y la formacion de nuevas empresas. Argumentamos que la diversidad social y la creatividad tienen un relacion positiva con la formacion de nuevas empresas. Basandose en las contribuciones de la urbanista Jane Jacobs, Lee, Florida y Gates (2002) mostraron que la diversidad social y el capital humano tienen relaciones positivas y significativas con la produccion de innovacion regional medida por medio de la produccion de patentes per capita. Mientras que es bien sabido que el stock de capital humano regional afecta positivamente los indices de formacion de nuevas empresas, se ha prestado poca atencion a la interaccion entre la diversidad social, el capital humano y la empresarialidad. Nosotros argumentamos que unas barreras bajas de entrada al mercado laboral regional (como lo demuestra en parte la presencia de una poblacion diversa) y una cultura diversa facilitan el influjo de una cierta clase de capital humano que promueve la innovacion y que acelera el flujo de informacion, llevando a un indice mayor de formacion de nuevas empresas. Los resultados empiricos apoyan nuestra hipotesis principal. Utilizando el Longitudinal Establishment and Enterprise Microdata (LEEM), testamos la hipotesis a nivel de las areas Metropolitanas para Estadisticas (MSAs) asi como a nivel de las areas de Mercado Laboral (LMAs). Encontramos que la formacion de nuevas empresas esta fuertemente asociada con la creatividad cultural cuando esta esta controlada por las variables que se sugieren en la literatura. La formacion de empresas esta positiva y significativamente asociada con el indice de Diversidad, pero no de forma significativa con el indice Melting Pot. Los resultados sugieren que necesitamos prestar atencion al habitat social de una region para estimular una dinamica de empresarialidad regional.

Suggested Citation

  • Sam Youl Lee & Richard Florida & Zoltan Acs, 2004. "Creativity and Entrepreneurship: A Regional Analysis of New Firm Formation," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(8), pages 879-891.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:regstd:v:38:y:2004:i:8:p:879-891
    DOI: 10.1080/0034340042000280910
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