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Creating opportunities. Policies aimed at increasing openings for immigrant entrepreneurs in the Netherlands

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  • Robert C. Kloosterman

Abstract

Since the 1980s, subsequent Dutch governments have promoted self-employment of immigrants to reduce their unemployment rates. These policies have been focused on the (potential) actors themselves, i.e. the immigrants who have started or who may want to start a business. Taking mixed embeddedness as a point of departure, entrepreneurship and self-employment cannot be solely understood by focusing on the micro-level but has to include the larger macro and meso structures that impact on these actors' choices. In this paper, therefore, the focus is on the opportunity structure and on the policies that affect this set of options for starting a (small) business. A typology of policies that may alter this opportunity structure is offered.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert C. Kloosterman, 2003. "Creating opportunities. Policies aimed at increasing openings for immigrant entrepreneurs in the Netherlands," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(2), pages 167-181, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:entreg:v:15:y:2003:i:2:p:167-181
    DOI: 10.1080/0898562032000075159
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    Cited by:

    1. Ratan J. S. Dheer, 2018. "Entrepreneurship by immigrants: a review of existing literature and directions for future research," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 14(3), pages 555-614, September.
    2. Jan Wiers & Didier Chabaud, 2022. "Bibliometric analysis of immigrant entrepreneurship research 2009–2019," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 12(1), pages 441-464, December.
    3. Benedikt Herrmann & Alexander Kritikos, 2013. "Growing out of the crisis: hidden assets to Greece's transition to an innovation economy," IZA Journal of European Labor Studies, Springer;Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 2(1), pages 1-23, December.
    4. Bryan Malki & Timur Uman & Daniel Pittino, 2022. "The entrepreneurial financing of the immigrant entrepreneurs: a literature review," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 58(3), pages 1337-1365, March.
    5. Gul Shah Sabary & Aleksandr Kljuènikov, 2023. "Barriers to immigrant entrepreneurship: A causal relationship analysis of the Asian immigrant entrepreneurs in Germany employing the DEMATEL approach," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 18(2), pages 491-522, June.
    6. Zhang, Jianhong & Zhou, Chaohong & van Gorp, Désirée M. & van Witteloostuijn, Arjen, 2020. "Willingness to work for multinational enterprises from emerging countries: The case of Chinese multinational enterprises in the Netherlands," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(5).
    7. Del Roy Fletcher, 2005. "Providing Enterprise Support for Offenders: Realising New Opportunities or Reinforcing Old Inequalities?," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 23(5), pages 715-731, October.
    8. Dieu Hack-Polay & Justice Tenna Ogbaburu & Mahfuzur Rahman & Ali B Mahmoud, 2020. "Immigrant entrepreneurs in rural England – An examination of the socio- cultural barriers facing migrant small businesses in Lincolnshire," Local Economy, London South Bank University, vol. 35(7), pages 676-694, November.
    9. Steven A. Brieger & Michael M. Gielnik, 2021. "Understanding the gender gap in immigrant entrepreneurship: a multi-country study of immigrants’ embeddedness in economic, social, and institutional contexts," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 56(3), pages 1007-1031, February.
    10. Bolívar-Cruz, Alicia & Batista-Canino, Rosa M. & Hormiga, Esther, 2014. "Differences in the perception and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities by immigrants," Journal of Business Venturing Insights, Elsevier, vol. 1, pages 31-36.
    11. Cathy Yang Liu & Lin Ye & Bo Feng, 2019. "Migrant entrepreneurship in China: entrepreneurial transition and firm performance," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 52(3), pages 681-696, March.
    12. Martin K. Hingley & Adam Lindgreen & Michael B. Beverland, 2010. "Barriers to network innovation in UK ethnic fresh produce supply," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(1), pages 77-96, January.
    13. Raluca Grosu, 2015. "Dynamics of Immigrant Entrepreneurship in Romania," Economy of region, Centre for Economic Security, Institute of Economics of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, vol. 1(2), pages 172-182.
    14. Jane Njaramba & Philemon Chigeza & Hilary Whitehouse, 2018. "Barriers and challenges experienced by migrant African women entrepreneurs in North Queensland, Australia," Post-Print hal-01860138, HAL.
    15. Jane Njaramba & Philemon Chigeza & Hilary Whitehouse, 2018. "Barriers and challenges experienced by migrant African women entrepreneurs in North Queensland, Australia," Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 5(4), pages 1054-1068, June.
    16. Leszek Kwiecinski & Patrycja Matusz-Protasiewicz, 2017. "The Ethnic Entrepreneurship as a Multidimensional Process in the Context of System Approach," Problemy Zarzadzania, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Management, vol. 15(65), pages 97-109.
    17. Sinkovics, Noemi & Reuber, A. Rebecca, 2021. "Beyond disciplinary silos: A systematic analysis of the migrant entrepreneurship literature," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 56(4).
    18. Ilhan-Nas, Tulay & Sahin, Kader & Cilingir, Zuhal, 2011. "International ethnic entrepreneurship: Antecedents, outcomes and environmental context," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 20(6), pages 614-626.
    19. Kevin J. A. Thomas & Christopher Inkpen, 2013. "Migration Dynamics, Entrepreneurship, and African Development: Lessons from Malawi," International Migration Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 47(4), pages 844-873, December.
    20. Mendoza-Abarca, Karla I. & Anokhin, Sergey & Zamudio, César, 2015. "Uncovering the influence of social venture creation on commercial venture creation: A population ecology perspective," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 30(6), pages 793-807.
    21. Jock Collins & Angeline Low, 2010. "Asian female immigrant entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized businesses in Australia," Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(1), pages 97-111, January.

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