This paper distinguishes between by-products of the activity and those associated with changes in the demand for another jointly-produced output. It attempts to define when one or more jointly-produced outputs would be by-products of the activity and others would be produced at the margin. The conditions are explored that are necessary for one or more jointly-produced outputs to be, or behave like, by-products of the activity. These conditions are expected to help in sorting out by-products from marginally produced outputs in the preparation of cost structures for analytic work.
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