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Structure and Continuity of Well-Being in Mid-Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study

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  • Katja Kokko
  • Anni Korkalainen
  • Anna-Liisa Lyyra
  • Taru Feldt

Abstract

The present study analyzed whether the tripartite model of well-being (Keyes in J Health Soc Res 43:207–222, 2002 ; Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73:539–548, 2005a ) and low depression can be captured by a core factor. Furthermore, it examined whether well-being shows continuity from early middle adulthood to middle adulthood. The study was based on the Finnish Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (Pulkkinen 2006 ), where the same participants (initial N = 369; 53% males) have been followed from age 8 until middle age. Data gathered at ages 36 and 42 were used. Well-being was indicated by (a) emotional well-being (including positive mood and low negative mood, satisfaction with different life-domains, and happiness); (b) Scales of Psychological Well-Being (Ryff in J Pers Soc Psychol 57:1069–1081, 1989 ); (c) Scales of Social Well-Being (Keyes in Soc Psychol Q 61:121–140, 1998 ); and (d) low level of depression. These measures were administered at both ages (except for social well-being, which was available only at age 42). The results, based on structural equation modeling, showed that a latent factor consisting of the above dimensions of well-being fit the data and that the structure of well-being was the same across genders and time. Well-being showed a high continuity from age 36 to 42 (standardized coefficient 0.84). As a conclusion, the different dimensions of well-being had only little variance of their own and a core factor of well-being was empirically established. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2013

Suggested Citation

  • Katja Kokko & Anni Korkalainen & Anna-Liisa Lyyra & Taru Feldt, 2013. "Structure and Continuity of Well-Being in Mid-Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 99-114, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jhappi:v:14:y:2013:i:1:p:99-114
    DOI: 10.1007/s10902-011-9318-y
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. J.J. Ehrhardt & W.E. Saris & R. Veenhoven, 2000. "Stability of Life-satisfaction over Time," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 1(2), pages 177-205, June.
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    1. Tiia Kekäläinen & Alexandra M. Freund & Sarianna Sipilä & Katja Kokko, 2020. "Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations between Leisure Time Physical Activity, Mental Well-Being and Subjective Health in Middle Adulthood," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 15(4), pages 1099-1116, September.
    2. Martin Söllner & Mirjam Dürnberger & Johannes Keller & Arnd Florack, 2022. "The Impact of Age Stereotypes on Well-being: Strategies of Selection, Optimization, and Compensation as Mediator and Regulatory Focus as Moderator: Findings from a Cross-Sectional and a Longitudinal S," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 635-665, February.
    3. Susanne M. Syrén & Katja Kokko & Lea Pulkkinen & Jaakko Pehkonen, 2020. "Income and Mental Well-Being: Personality Traits as Moderators," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 21(2), pages 547-571, February.

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