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An Econometric Analysis of the Aggregate Outbound Tourism Demand of Turkey

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  • Ferda Halicioglu

    (Department of Economics, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey)

Abstract

This study empirically examines aggregate tourism outflows in the case of Turkey using the time-series data for 1970–2005. As far as this article is concerned, there is no previous empirical work dealing with tourist outflows from Turkey. The previous tourism studies of Turkey have focused, by and large, on inbound tourism demand analyses. However, as a developing country and an important tourism destination, Turkey has also been a significant source for generating a substantial number of tourists in recent years. Therefore, the tourist outflows also merit empirical analysis. Total tourist outflows from Turkey are related to real income and relative prices. The bounds testing to cointegration procedure proposed by Pesaran et al (2001) is employed to compute the short- and long-run elasticities of income and relative prices. An augmented form of Granger causality analysis is conducted among the variables of outbound tourist flows, income and relative prices to determine the direction of causality. In the long run, causality runs interactively through the error correction term from income and relative prices to outbound tourist flows. However, in the short run, causality runs only from income to outbound tourism flows. The aggregate tourism outflows equation is also checked for the parameter stability via the tests of cumulative sum (CUSUM) and cumulative sum of the squares (CUSUMSQ). The results suggest that income is the most significant variable in explaining total tourist outflows from Turkey and there is a stable outbound tourism demand function. The results also lead to important policy recommendations.

Suggested Citation

  • Ferda Halicioglu, 2010. "An Econometric Analysis of the Aggregate Outbound Tourism Demand of Turkey," Tourism Economics, , vol. 16(1), pages 83-97, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:toueco:v:16:y:2010:i:1:p:83-97
    DOI: 10.5367/000000010790872196
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    7. Halicioglu, Ferda & Ketenci, Natalya, 2016. "The impact of international trade on environmental quality: The case of transition countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 1130-1138.
    8. Gokhan H. Akay & Atilla Cifter & Ozdemir Teke, 2017. "Turkish tourism, exchange rates and income," Tourism Economics, , vol. 23(1), pages 66-77, February.
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    11. Ferda HALICIOGLU, 2012. "The Demand for Calories in Turkey," Iktisat Isletme ve Finans, Bilgesel Yayincilik, vol. 27(316), pages 93-108.
    12. Halicioglu, Ferda & Ketenci, Natalya, 2015. "The impact of international trade on environmental quality in transition countries: evidence from time series data during 1991-2013," MPRA Paper 71097, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2015.
    13. Ferhat Citak, 2018. "Exchange Rate and Turkish Tourism Trade," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 8(4), pages 206-213.
    14. Chi, Junwook, 2014. "A cointegration analysis of bilateral air travel flows: The case of international travel to and from the United States," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 41-47.
    15. Emmanuel Ziramba, 2013. "Aggregate Outbound Tourism Demand in South Africa: an Econometric Analysis," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 5(5), pages 260-267.
    16. Imtiaz Arif; Syeda Wajiha Kazmi; Lubna Khan, 2017. "Relationship between Trade Openness and Energy Consumption in Oil Importing Asian Countries," Journal of Finance and Economics Research, Geist Science, Iqra University, Faculty of Business Administration, vol. 2(1), pages 30-39, March.
    17. Yoon Koh & Seoki Lee & Chris Choi, 2013. "The Income Elasticity of Demand and Firm Performance of US Restaurant Companies by Restaurant Type during Recessions," Tourism Economics, , vol. 19(4), pages 855-881, August.
    18. Chia-Yu Yeh & Kang Ernest Liu, 2019. "Modeling Household Participation Decisions Between Domestic And International Trips By Semi-Nonparametric Regressions," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 64(01), pages 191-211, March.
    19. Eugenio-Martin, Juan L. & Cazorla-Artiles, José M., 2020. "The shares method for revealing latent tourism demand," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    20. Dragouni, Mina & Filis, George & Gavriilidis, Konstantinos & Santamaria, Daniel, 2016. "Sentiment, mood and outbound tourism demand," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 80-96.
    21. Ogechi Adeola & Nathaniel Boso & Olaniyi Evans, 2018. "Drivers of international tourism demand in Africa," Business Economics, Palgrave Macmillan;National Association for Business Economics, vol. 53(1), pages 25-36, January.
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    23. Theologos Dergiades & Eleni Mavragani & Bing Pan, 2017. "Arrivals of Tourists in Cyprus: Mind the Web Search Intensity," GreeSE – Hellenic Observatory Papers on Greece and Southeast Europe 107, Hellenic Observatory, LSE.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    outbound tourism demand; cointegration; Granger causality; stability tests; Turkey;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E0 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General
    • O5 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies
    • C1 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General

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