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Le mécanisme optimal de vote au sein du conseil des représentants d’un système fédéral

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  • Le Breton, Michel

    (Toulouse School of Economics)

  • Lepelley, Dominique

    (Université de la Réunion)

  • Macé, Antonin

    (Aix-Marseille Université)

  • Merlin, Vincent

    (Université de Normandie)

Abstract

L’objet principal de cet article est d’offrir une approche du problème de la sélection du mécanisme de vote au sein du conseil des représentants d’une union fédérale. Nous postulons sans expliquer pourquoi (dans cet article) que plusieurs entités autonomes (des pays, des régions, des communes,...) renoncent (on parle alors pudiquement de transferts de compétences) à exercer unilatéralement leur autorité sur tout ou partie des questions de politique économique, sociétale, militaire, diplomatique qui étaient ou qui pourraient relever de leur souveraineté exclusive. Cet article n’est donc pas un article sur le fédéralisme et par conséquent le lecteur ne doit pas s’attendre à y trouver une analyse des gains et bénéfices d’une union fédérale. Nous supposons que l’union fédérale et les questions relevant de ses compétences sont données au départ. De plus, nous supposerons qu’à chaque fois qu’un problème de choix se présente, il se présente de façon binaire, c’est-à-dire que les représentants en charge de prendre la décision n’ont que deux choix possibles : voter pour ou voter contre la proposition formulée. Dans la réalité, l’univers des choix est plus complexe et peut d’ailleurs faire l’objet lui-même de calculs stratégiques[1]. Le modèle que nous avons en tête est donc un modèle très simplifié qui accentue l’affrontement entre deux camps sur chaque question débattue à l’échelon fédéral[2]. En sus de ces simplifications, nous allons nous limiter au cas d’un modèle de décision collective où chaque entité (même si cette entité est elle-même le théâtre de conflits sur les préférences) est représentée par un unique membre dont la préférence reflètera les opinions de son entité (parfois de manière imparfaite ou même biaisée). Pratiquement, il s’agit d’étudier un modèle de « Conseil des ministres » et non un modèle de parlement dont les membres auraient été élus à la proportionnelle et représenteraient donc la diversité des préférences de leur entité d’appartenance[3]. Dans le cas du conseil des ministres, le principe the winner takes all s’applique sans nuances : chaque représentant s’aligne sur la position « dominante » chez ses concitoyens.

Suggested Citation

  • Le Breton, Michel & Lepelley, Dominique & Macé, Antonin & Merlin, Vincent, 2017. "Le mécanisme optimal de vote au sein du conseil des représentants d’un système fédéral," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 93(1-2), pages 203-248, Mars-Juin.
  • Handle: RePEc:ris:actuec:0168
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