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Menace américaine sur l'équilibre financier mondial

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  • Olivier Passet

Abstract

[fre] Si la valeur de marché de l'actif financier des agents privés est évaluée à son juste prix, l'endettement américain n'a rien d'inquiétant. On peut même considérer, compte tenu de l'enrichissement des ménages et des entreprises, que les comportements d'emprunt ont été modérés au cours des années quatre-vingt-dix. Néanmoins, de nombreux indices conduisent à suspecter un risque de sensible surévaluation des actions et donc de la valeur des entreprises (de l'ordre probable de 25% mais qui peut conduire à une correction plus prononcée). Le mouvement d'appréciation des dernières années a eu pour principal ressort la désinflation et la décrue induite des taux d'intérêt, et non le « miracle » souvent évoqué de la rentabilité économique et financière. Celui-ci tarde pour le moins à se concrétiser dans les chiffres, ce qui n'exclut pas l'hypothèse que le marché intègre des changements structurels dont les effets sont différés. Il est cependant impossible de tirer argument d'une « nouvelle ère » américaine pour justifier que la Bourse produise durablement des rendements de ordre de 15 à 20% sur les actions, comme par le passé, alors que la rentabilité financière des entreprises jamais excédé 6% au cours de ce cycle. Il est dès lors improbable que les investisseurs continuent s'exposer sur ce type d'actif avec des ratios dividendes/cours à leur niveau actuel historiquement bas (entre 1,2 et 1,5% au cours de 1998), c'est-à-dire sans exiger une majoration des primes de risque. «L'âge or » des fusions/acquisitions, qui avait pour principale incitation la sous-évaluation notoire de la valeur des entreprises à l'issue des années soixante-dix et au début des années quatre-vingt, devrait lui-même arriver à son terme. [eng] The American threat on the world-wide financial equilibrium Olivier Passet If the financial private assets are valued at their just price, the American indebtedness seems rather moderate. But converging signs indicate an overvaluation of shares, around 25 at the end of 1998, and perhaps more. Over the last seven years, the stock market in the United States has yielded impressive returns to its investors (around 16%). We try to demonstrate that the main reason of this appreciation has been the disinflation, and the induced decrease in interest rates, and not, as often mentioned, a drastic improvement of physical capital returns. Whatever even if we admit that the United States are experiencing a « New age » concerning productivity and technical progress, it is quite impossible that stocks markets will continue to yield 15% with corporate business capital returns that have never been over 6% during the nineties. So risk premiums, that are presently very low, might increase in the future.

Suggested Citation

  • Olivier Passet, 1999. "Menace américaine sur l'équilibre financier mondial," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 68(1), pages 165-192.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1999_num_68_1_1715
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1999.1715
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1999.1715
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. John H. Cochrane, 1997. "Where is the market going? Uncertain facts and novel theories," Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, vol. 21(Nov), pages 3-37.
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    Cited by:

    1. Jacky Fayolle, 1999. "D'une mondialisation à l'autre," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 69(1), pages 161-206.

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