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Le partage de la valeur ajoutée : quelques enseignements tirés du « paradoxe franco-américain »

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  • Jean-Philippe Cotis
  • Elisabeth Rignols

Abstract

[fre] Au cours de ces dernières années, les débats autour du partage de la valeur ajoutée se sont souvent appuyés sur la comparaison des expériences française et américaine. Ces comparaisons ont été conduites partir d'angles attaque très différents. Certains travaux se sont centrés sur l'évolution de la part des salaires dans la valeur ajoutée - qui a fortement baissé en France depuis plus de dix ans mais pas aux Etats-Unis - ; d'autres, émanant du FMI ou de l'OCDE, ont privilégié le partage de la masse salariale entre emplois et salaires. Ces deux types d'approches ont débouché sur des conclusions totalement contradictoires quant à la nature des évolutions salariales observées en France. Jugées anormalement basses par ceux des commentateurs qui s'appuient sur les comparaisons de parts de salaire, l'évolution des rémunérations observée en France au cours des vingt dernières années est apparue, en revanche, excessive ceux que préoccupaient les modalités du partage de la masse salariale (partage à l'américaine au profit de l'emploi, partage à la française au profit des rémunérations). Ces divergences appellent, pour être surmontées, la construction un cadre théorique et d'indicateurs de partage appropriés. Ils sont présentés de manière détaillée dans cet article ainsi que leurs applications empi riques aux cas français et américain. Le cadre théorique proposé est celui d'un modèle d'offre à long terme, dans lequel le capital est un facteur de production très mobile, sa rémunération étant fixée sur les marchés financiers internationaux. À long terme, cette « contrainte de rentabilité » détermine de manière univoque le coût réel du travail et commande l'évolution de la part des salaires dans la valeur ajoutée. Dans ce contexte, les chocs de coût du travail, tels que peuvent en occasionner les chocs pétroliers ne modifient pas durablement le partage de la valeur ajoutée mais ont, en revanche, une incidence sur le partage de la masse salariale. D'autres facteurs peuvent par ailleurs affecter l'évolution de la part des salaires (progrès technique économe en main d'oeuvre, chômage keynésien persistant...). Afin de pouvoir mieux mesurer ampleur des chocs de coût à l'oeuvre, un « écart de salaire », défini comme la distance entre le coût réel effectif du travail et son niveau d'équilibre de long terme, été évalué pour la France et les États- Unis. Ces évaluations font apparaître un contraste certain entre la France, où les chocs de coûts du capital et du travail ont été très marqués, et les États-Unis, où ils se sont révélés beaucoup plus faibles. Elles suggèrent également une très grande persistance des chocs en France, où la structure des coûts peut rester très longtemps écartée de l'équilibre de long terme. Par rapport à des notions telles que la part des salaires ou le partage de la masse salariale, l'indicateur d'écart de salaire utilisé dans cet article semble mieux même d'aider l'économiste à porter un jugement sur le caractère approprié ou non des évolutions salariales. Quelques tentatives économétriques simples ont été effectuées, enfin, pour rendre compte des mouvements de la part des salaires en France et aux Etats-Unis. Elles suggèrent, dans le cas de la France, que la montée des taux intérêt réels pu contribuer à déprimer la part des salaires. Elles tendent, en revanche, à rejeter l'hypothèse qu'un progrès technique économe en main d'oeuvre ait pu jouer un rôle important en France et que la persistance d'un chômage keynésien, elle-même bien avérée, ait contribué de manière notable à la chute de la part salariale observée au cours de la décennie écoulée. Elles confirment, enfin, le rôle très important joué par les chocs et contre-choc pétroliers dans les fluctuations de la part des salaires. [eng] Jean-Philippe and Cotis Elisabeth Rignols. Over the recent years, debates surrounding past trends in income distribution have been heavily influenced by franco-american comparisons. These comparisons have been carried out from very different angles. Some works have focused on the wage share - which has experienced a strong decline over the past decade in France but not in the US - ; other studies from the IMF or the OECD, have focused rather on how increases in the real wage bill were split between job creation and wage rises. These two distinct approaches have yielded quite opposite conclusions about the nature of past wage developments in France. Wage increases appear abnormally low to those commentators who rely on the wage share approach. To the contrary, they are considered abnormally high by those experts who have expressed concern about the unbalan ced structure of the real wage bill in France, its past increases being bia sed in favor of wage rises at the expense of job creation. In this respect, France stands in sharp contrast with the US experience, which has been characterized by low wage increases and high job creation. To overcome these contradictory statements, it seems necessary to build an encompassing theoretical framework, and to derive from it appropriate « real wage gap » indicators. These indicators are presented in the present article as well as empirical applications on the French and American cases. The proposed theoretical framework is a long-run supply side model with fully mobile capital and an exogeneous real interest rate, fixed on world capital markets. In the long-run, this exogeneous real rate of interest determines both the real wage and the wage share. In this context wage shocks do not have a lasting impact on the wage share but they can alter durably the job creation/wage increase trade off. Other factors such as labor saving technical progress or a persistent Keynesian unemployment can affect the wage share. In order to get a more precise idea about the effective magnitude of cost shocks, a real wage gap indicator, defined as the distance between the current cost of labour and its long-run equilibrium level, has been estimated for France and the US. These estimates show a marked contrast between France, where capital and labour cost shocks have been large and the US, where they have been much smaller The estimates also suggest that shocks were very persistent in France, where relative costs can stay out of equilibrium for long periods of time The « real wage gap » indicator presented in this paper seems better suited than the wage share or the structure of the wage bill, to assess whether wage developments are in step or not with economic funda mentals. Some tentative econometric attempts have been made to shed some light on wage share developments in France and the US over the past two or three decades. In the case of France, they suggest that increased real interest rates might have contributed to depress the wage share. However, they tend to reject the hypothesis that a labour saving technical progress might have played an important role in France. They do not lend much support, either, to the view that the persistent Keynesian unemployment which has characterized France over the recent years, had a large depressing impact on the wage share. Finally, these econometric estimates tend to confirm the strong role played by oil shocks the formation of the wage share.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Philippe Cotis & Elisabeth Rignols, 1998. "Le partage de la valeur ajoutée : quelques enseignements tirés du « paradoxe franco-américain »," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 65(1), pages 291-344.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1998_num_65_1_1503
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1998.1503
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1998.1503
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    1. Andrew B. Abel & Avinash K. Dixit & Janice B. Eberly & Robert S. Pindyck, "undated". "Options, the Value of Capital, and Investment," Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research Working Papers 15-95, Wharton School Rodney L. White Center for Financial Research.
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    3. Andrew B. Abel & Avinash K. Dixit & Janice C. Eberly & Robert S. Pindyck, 1996. "Options, the Value of Capital, and Investment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 111(3), pages 753-777.
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    5. Syed Ahmad, 1991. "Capital in Economic Theory," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 5.
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    1. repec:hal:wpspec:info:hdl:2441/1628 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Mustapha Baghli & Gilbert Cette & Arnaud Sylvain, 2003. "Les déterminants du taux de marge en France et quelques autres grands pays industrialisés : analyse empirique sur la période 1970-2000," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 158(2), pages 1-25.
    3. Torrini, Roberto, 2005. "Profit share and returns on capital stock in Italy: the role of privatisations behind the rise of the 1990s," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 19915, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    4. Philippe Askenazy & Xavier Timbeau, 2003. "Partage de la valeur ajoutée et rentabilité du capital en France et aux États-Unis : une réévaluation ; suivi d'un commentaire de Xavier Timbeau," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 363(1), pages 167-189.
    5. Xavier Timbeau, 2002. "Le partage de la valeur ajoutée en France," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 80(1), pages 63-85.
    6. repec:spo:wpecon:info:hdl:2441/1628 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Pierre-Alain Pionnier, 2009. "Le partage de la valeur ajoutée en France, 1949-2008 : aspects méthodologiques," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 422(1), pages 3-30.
    8. Nicolas Canry & Arnaud Lechevalier, 2006. "Wage share variations in France and Germany since 1970: what does really matter?," Post-Print halshs-00140529, HAL.
    9. Roberto Torrini, 2015. "Labour, Profit and Housing Rent Shares in Italian GDP: Long-Run Trends and Recent Patterns," Politica economica, Società editrice il Mulino, issue 3, pages 275-314.
    10. Baghli, M. & Brunhes-Lesage, V. & De bandt, O. & Fraisse, H. & Villetelle, J-P., 2004. "MASCOTTE: Model for AnalySing and foreCasting shOrT TErm developments," Working papers 106, Banque de France.
    11. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/1628 is not listed on IDEAS

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