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Réalité et déboires de l'espace conjoncturel européen : une régulation sans croissance ?

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  • Jacky Fayolle
  • Paul-Emmanuel Micolet

Abstract

[eng] The history of the industrial capitalism shows the formation and the disintegration of economic spaces, whose national short term cycles are correlated strongly. The strengthening of such an space in Europe is enhanced by recent studies. In this paper, the precise study of the correlation between French and German cycles, over the last thirty years, shows it is not a completely new phenomenon. These cycles are synchronised strongly, because they follow from common internal and external demand impulses. But, until the beginning of the nineties, the correlation of the internal private demands, not the one of the public demands, contributes to that synchronisation. The present fiscal convergence can constitute an important change, if it induces the persistent synchronisation of the public impulses. The correlation between the European and American cycles has a double nature. It mixes impulse and crowding out effects of the American growth over the European economy. The crowding out effects are caused by the competition between American and European exportations and by the financial asymmetry between the two zones. They produce frequent cyclical lags between United States and Europe. The regionalization of the European economic activity is based on strong commercial interdependences, which surpass the internal divergence forces (as the exchange rates fluctuations). But it does not mean an increased European independence of the monetary and financial American influences. This double reality induces questions about the conditions of an common European short term policy, whose objective could be the collective access of the European countries to their potential growth path. [fre] L'histoire du capitalisme industriel met en évidence la formation et la dissolution d'espaces conjoncturels rassemblant un ensemble de pays aux cycles fortement corrélés. A cet égard, le renforcement, depuis une quinzaine d'années, d'un espace conjoncturel européen est relevé par une série d'études récentes. L'étude précise de la corrélation des cycles français et allemand et de ses modalités, sur les trois dernières décennies, montre cependant qu'il ne s'agit pas d'un phénomène entièrement neuf. Les cycles de la France et de l'Allemagne sont fortement synchronisés, depuis déjà assez longtemps, parce qu'ils répondent à des impulsions communes de demande interne et externe. C'est cependant la corrélation des demandes internes privées, et non celle des demandes publiques, qui a contribué, jusqu'au début des années quatre-vingt-dix, à cette synchronisation. En ce sens, la convergence budgétaire européenne en cours constitue un changement sensible, si elle doit engendrer une mise en phase durable des impulsions publiques. La relation entre le cycle européen et le cycle américain est de nature duale. Elle fait jouer les effets d'entraînement exercés par l'économie américaine mais aussi des effets d'éviction. Ceux-ci passent par la compétition entre les exportations américaines et européennes et par l'impact des asymétries financières sur les demandes privées de chacune des deux zones. Ces effets d'éviction sont à la source des déphasages cycliques fréquents entre les Etats-Unis et l'Europe. Cette caractérisation comparée des cycles américain et européen sur longue période amène à relever l'ambivalence de la désynchronisation persistante et croissante des mouvements conjoncturels de ces deux zones depuis une quinzaine d'années. L'espace européen gagne en consistance et, en son sein, les facteurs d'homogénéisation des conjonctures, qu'il s'agisse de la densité des interdépendances commerciales ou de la convergence des politiques économiques, l'emporte rapidement sur les forces de différenciation, qui sont notamment passées par les mouvements de change durant ces dernières années. En même temps, cette régionalisation de la conjoncture européenne ne signifie pas une indépendance accrue vis-à- vis des influences monétaires et financières en provenance des Etats-Unis. L'Europe subit l'impact persistant et négatif des modalités, notamment des mouvements de change et d'intérêt, grâce auxquelles les Etats-Unis assurent la régulation conjoncturelle de leur croissance. Ce double aspect incite à s'interroger sur les conditions ď émergence d'une véritable régulation conjoncturelle à l'échelle européenne, qui facilite l'accès collectif des pays européens à leur sentier de croissance potentielle.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacky Fayolle & Paul-Emmanuel Micolet, 1997. "Réalité et déboires de l'espace conjoncturel européen : une régulation sans croissance ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 62(1), pages 5-28.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1997_num_62_1_1465
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1997.1465
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1997.1465
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    1. Jacky Fayolle & Paul-Emmanuel Micolet, 1997. "Cycles internationaux : éléments pour une problématique appliquée," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 62(1), pages 109-150.
    2. Paul-Emmanuel Micolet, 1998. "Positionnement conjoncturel du Royaume-Uni et UEM," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 66(1), pages 127-169.

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