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Les théories contemporaines de la croissance

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  • Pierre-Alain Muet

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[fre] Cet article présente un panorama des théories contemporaines de la croissance depuis les réflexions d'Harrod et Domar jusqu'aux théories de la croissance endogène développées ces dernières années. Ce qui allait devenir le modèle de base des théories de la croissance était initialement une interrogation relativement pessimiste sur les possibilités d'une croissance équilibrée de plein-emploi. Entérinant la stabilité de la croissance qui succéda aux périodes de reconstruction, la théorie économique s'attachera par la suite à décrire les mécanismes susceptibles de conduire à une croissance assurant le plein-emploi. Pour la théorie néoclassique, c'est la flexibilité des techniques de production qui permet de maintenir le plein-emploi. Dans les modèles d'inspiration « post-keynésienne » la flexibilité résulte au contraire de l'impact des variations de la répartition des revenus sur le taux d'épargne. Les années soixante verront se développera la fois les prolongements théoriques et empiriques du modèle néoclassique : optimalité des régimes de croissance, modèles à générations de capital, analyse des facteurs de la croissance à long terme. Les déséquilibres engendrés par les chocs pétroliers vont conduire à une disparition quasi complète des théories de la croissance, du moins dans les préoccupations des théoriciens. La seule innovation importante est l'intégration explicite des déséquilibres dans les modèles de croissance antérieurs. La fin des années quatre- vingt marque au contraire la renaissance de ces théories avec les théories de la croissance endogène. Le modèle néoclassique et ses prolongements ultérieurs décrivaient bien le rôle de l'accumulation du capital dans le processus de croissance, mais en raison des rendements décroissants du capital, la croissance ne se maintenait à long terme que par la présence de facteurs exogènes tels que l'augmentation de la population et le progrès technique. Pour engendrer une croissance entretenue, il fallait abandonner l'hypothèse de rendements décroissants des facteurs de production accumulables. Mais alors se pose le problème des rendements croissants de l'ensemble des facteurs de production et sa compatibilité avec l'existence et l'optimalité de l'équilibre concurren- tiel. Dans les modèles de croissance endogène, les rendements constants des facteurs accumulables résultent presque toujours d'externalités positives engendrées par le processus de croissance. De ce fait, l'équilibre concurrentiel existe, mais n'est pas socialement optimal : le rythme de croissance est plus élevé lorsqu'il résulte d'une planification centralisée des ressources plutôt que de l'optimum des agents individuels. Il reste cependant un long chemin à parcourir pour confirmer ou infirmeries conclusions les plus controversées auxquelles conduisent ces nouvelles théories. La politique économique modifie-t-elle seulement transitoi rement le rythme de croissance, comme le suppose la théorie traditionnelle ou durablement comme le suggèrent les théories de la croissance endogène ? Il faudra sans doute de longues années pour que les théories récentes conduisent à des résultats empiriques suffisamment robustes pour guider les politiques économiques. [eng] Contemporary Theories of Economic Growth Pierre-Alain Muet This paper presents a survey of contemporary theories of economic growth, ranging from the works of Harrod and Domar to the theory of endogenous growth developed more recently. What was to become the basic model behind growth theories began as a rather sceptical enquiry into the possibility that growth was able to generate full employment. Recognizing that stable growth can be maintained, economic theory went on to explain the different factors contributing to a growth rate which would assure full employment. For neo-classical theory, flexibility of production techniques allows full employment to be maintained, whereas, in post-Keynesian models, this flexibility is a result of the effect of changes in income distribution on the savings rate. In the seventies, neo-classical models were extended theoretically and empirically: optimal growth regimes; capital vintage models; and the analyses of factors generating long term growth. The disequilibria bequeathed by the oil shocks led to a stagnation of growth theories in the 70s. The only important innovation of that period was the integration of desequilibrium theory with the earlier theories of economic growth. In contrast, the end of the 80s saw the re-birth of these theories, led by models of endogenous growth. The neo-classical model and its extensions well described the role of capital accumulation in the process of economic growth; however, because of decreasing returns to capital, economic growth could only be maintained in the long run by exogenous factors such as technological progress and population growth. To maintain steady growth, the assumption of decreasing returns to accumulated factors of production had to be abandoned. But this raised the problem that increasing returns to factors of production is incompatible with the existence of an opjimaicompetitjve equilibrium. In endogenous growth models, increasing returns almost always result from positive externalities arising from growth. Therefore, a competitive equilibrium can exist, although it is not a social optimum: a central planner who optimizes resources generates a higher growth rate than optimizing individual agents. There still remains a long road ahead before confirming or discarding some of the more controversial conclusions of these new theories. Does economic policy change the growth rate only temporarily — as conventional wisdom assumes — or can it do so permanently — as endogenous growth theory suggests? It will probably take a long while before the recent theories yield results which are robust enough empirically to guide economic policy.

Suggested Citation

  • Pierre-Alain Muet, 1993. "Les théories contemporaines de la croissance," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 45(1), pages 11-51.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1993_num_45_1_1323
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1993.1323
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1993.1323
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Romer, Paul M, 1986. "Increasing Returns and Long-run Growth," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 94(5), pages 1002-1037, October.
    2. Ito, Takatoshi, 1980. "Disequilibrium growth theory," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 23(3), pages 380-409, December.
    3. Gene M. Grossman & Elhanan Helpman, 1991. "Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 58(1), pages 43-61.
    4. Antoine d'Autume, 1982. "Un modèle de croissance en déséquilibre," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-00452509, HAL.
    5. Barro, Robert J, 1990. "Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(5), pages 103-126, October.
    6. T. W. Swan, 1956. "ECONOMIC GROWTH and CAPITAL ACCUMULATION," The Economic Record, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 32(2), pages 334-361, November.
    7. Krugman, Paul, 1991. "Increasing Returns and Economic Geography," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 99(3), pages 483-499, June.
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    1. EZZAHID, Elhadj & ELOUAOURTI, Zakaria, 2017. "Financial development and total factors productivity channel: Evidence from Africa," MPRA Paper 81764, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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