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Stabilisation macroéconomique et régimes de change en Europe. Les enseignements d'une maquette dynamique

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  • Frédéric Lerais

Abstract

[fre] A la suite d'un choc, le processus d'ajustement d'une économie dépend du régime de change mais aussi de la politique monétaire. En change flexible, le taux de change peut varier fortement à la suite d'un choc, ce qui peut être stabilisant comme déstabilisant. En change géré — SME ou UEM — la fixité des changes doit être compensée par un ajustement différent des variables réelles et nominales. Le présent article illustre de façon théorique à l'aide d'une maquette la différence dans la dynamique des ajustements dans un régime de monnaie unique en Europe et les deux autres régimes de change envisageables: les changes flexibles ou le Système monétaire européen. Il permet de comparer les propriétés stabilisatrices des trois régimes de change à court comme à long terme, selon le type de choc et selon le pays touché. Aucun régime ne domine totalement les autres du point de vue de la stabilisation macroéconomique. En l'absence d'incertitudes, lors de chocs permanents d'offre ou de demande, le meilleur régime pour le pays dominant est le système dans lequel il domine (le SME) puis vient le régime de changes flexibles. Les pays dominés préfèrent le système où ils fixent leur politique monétaire (changesJLexibles) mais l'UEM est préférable au SME. Le passage à l'UEM entraîne une perte d'utilité du pays dominant par rapport à sa situation au sein du SME. Il représente au contraire un gain pour les pays dominés. [eng] Exchange regimes and stabilization in Europe. Lessons from a small dynamic model Frédéric Lerais Following a shock, the adjustment process of an economy depends on the exchange rate regime. Flexible exchange regime allows the rate to vary strongly after a shock, which can be either stabilizing or destabilizing. Under fixed exchange regimes (EMS or EMU), monetary constraint has to be balanced by a different adjustment in real and nominal variables. The present paper shows from a theoretical point of view the difference between the adjustment process under three alternative regimes (EMU, EMS, flexible) using a maquette. It allows to compare stabilizing properties of each regime in the short as well as the long run according to the kind of shock and its location. None of the regimes can be seen as the best from the stabilization point of view. Without uncertainty, and for permanent shocks in supply or demand, the best regime for a leader country is actually the one where it leads. Follower countries do prefer flexible exchange regime, as they can fix their own monetary policy. For them, EMU is nonetheless preferred to EMS.

Suggested Citation

  • Frédéric Lerais, 1993. "Stabilisation macroéconomique et régimes de change en Europe. Les enseignements d'une maquette dynamique," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 44(1), pages 181-209.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1993_num_44_1_1317
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1993.1317
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1993.1317
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