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L'espace bancaire et financier européen

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  • Marianne Bliman
  • Catherine Bruno
  • Jacques Le Cacheux

Abstract

[fre] En Europe, comme dans l'ensemble des économies développées, la sphère financière a connu, au cours des années quatre-vingt, un développement et des mutations sans précédent. Bien que d'ampleur inégale selon les pays, les phénomènes — pour la plupart mondiaux — de déréglementation, d'internationalisation et d'innovations financières ont engendré, dans des structures financières naguère très disparates et marquées par des spécificités nationales fortes, des tendances communes, notamment au renforcement de la concurrence, mais aussi à la concentration, à la diversification, à la marchéisation et l'ouverture internationale. Dans ce nouvel environnement, les comportements et les performances des intermédiaires ont profondément changé. . S' appuyant sur l'étude des structures de bilan des banques et des agents non financiers, du volume des principaux marchés boursiers et d'un certain nombre d'indicateurs des structures et des performances des banques dans cinq pays de la Communauté européenne (Allemagne, France, Italie, Luxembourg et Royaume-Uni) — comparés, le cas échéant, aux données américaines et japonaises — , cet article identifie les principales spécificités nationales et les tendances communes qui caractérisent l'espace bancaire et financier européen en cours de réalisation. . De concert avec ces mutations, la nature et la gestion par les établissements des différents types de risques ont évolué, souvent vers des solutions de marché permettant une meilleure couverture. Mais, du fait des interdépendances financières croissantes entre établissements, agents non financiers et marchés, les risques systémiques se sont probablement renforcés. . Face à ces évolutions, les réglementations nationales ont eu tendance à se rapprocher, notamment en matière prudentielle, et une véritable réglementation européenne s'est progressivement élaborée. Pourtant, dans un contexte d'intégration financière sans cesse plus poussée et dans la perspective d'unification monétaire, les signes de fragilité des institutions financières et des marchés, et d'instabilité systémique qui se sont récemment multipliés dans plusieurs pays incitent à réfléchir à de nouvelles avancées, institutionnelles notamment, dans le domaine de la prévention et du traitement des crises éventuelles. [eng] The European Banking and Financial Marketplace . In Europe as in all other industrialized economies, financial activity has undergone sweeping and unprecedented changes and expansion during the 80s'. Such well-known developments as deregulation, internationalization and financial innovations — worldwide, for the most — have been at work, albeit with varying intensity, in EC countries. Affecting financial structures that were initially very diverse, theses developments have generated common trends, most notably fiercer competition, but also concentration in the industry, diversification of products, marketization and securitization, and international openness. In this new environment, the behavior and performances of financial intermediairies have profoundly changed. . This paper studies the balance-sheets of banks and non-financial sectors, the capitalized value of major stock exchanges and a number of indicators of the structures and performances of banks in five countries of the European Community (France, Germany, Italy, Luxemburg, and the United Kingdom) — comparing them with US and Japanese data — in order to characterize the major national specificities and common trends in the emerging European banking and financial marketplace. . Along with these transformations, the nature of the various risks, as well as the way there are managed by the banks and financial firms, have evolved, mostly in the direction of market solutions allowing for a better hedging. However financial interdependencies amongst intermediaries, and with non-financial agents, have tended to strengthen, so that systemic risks have probably grown stronger in the process. . Confronted with these evolutions, national regulations have somewhat converged, most notably in the field of prudential regulations, while a truly European regulation has progressively been elaborated. However, with increasing international financial integration and with the prospect of monetary union in Europe, mounting evidence of systemic instability and fragility of financial institutions in various countries should be taken seriously and stimulate further steps — in the field of regulatory bodies in particular — in order to prevent, and eventually manage, possible crises.

Suggested Citation

  • Marianne Bliman & Catherine Bruno & Jacques Le Cacheux, 1993. "L'espace bancaire et financier européen," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 43(1), pages 183-241.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1993_num_43_1_1303
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1993.1303
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1993.1303
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