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Vers l'union monétaire européenne : pourquoi et comment ?

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  • Daniel Gros
  • Niels Thygesen

Abstract

[eng] In this paper, we suggest that an irrevocable determination of exchange rates has both costs and benefits. The firsts are mainly the consequences of renouncing to use interest rates as a policy instrument. The benefits are a stronger credibility for monetary policy and the disappearance of the effects on exchange rates of purely financial shocks. It seems obvious to us that along with the growing integration of the EEC economies costs should decrease and benefits should increase. A common currency would provide additional benefits without producing any supplementary costs. After the first step, institutional decisions shall be necessary to reach monetary union. Although attractive from a theoritical point of view, competition among currencies should not lead to substantial progress during this first phase, which should exhibit an increasing convergence toward lower levels of inflation rates. There is no reason for supporting currencies competition as an instrument for anti-inflation- nary disciplin if the monetary union is based on the clearly defined obligation to aim at price stability and if the institution in charge of this policy has a guaranteed indépendance. To go besides this first step could be necessary because the dominating role of the Bundesbank will be weakened by the strengthening of other currencies. What institutional decisions should be made after the first step ? Following the Delors plan, we do suggest the creation of a European System of Central Banks (ESCB) which implies a revision of the Treaty. The ESCB would play increasingly the role of a Central Bank. It could use the Compulsory Reserves in different ways, reproducing on a European scale the function of a national Central Bank. This instrument could be decisive for the control by the ESCB of the global conditions of liquidities and could thus allow for a soft move toward the ultimate phase of the EMU : a common currency and a European Central Bank. [fre] Le titre de cet article fait référence aux deux questions fondamentales concernant l'union monétaire de la Communauté européenne : pourquoi et comment ? Notre analyse suggère que la fixation irrévocable des taux de change comporte des coûts et des bénéfices. Le principal coût est le renoncement au maniement des taux de change comme instrument d'ajustement, tandis que les bénéfices essentiels sont une crédibilité renforcée de la politique monétaire et l'élimination de l'impact des chocs purement financiers sur les taux de change. Il est difficile d'établir un bilan précis des bénéfices et des coûts, mais il est manifeste que les coûts devraient se réduire et les bénéfices augmenter à mesure que progresse l'intégration des économies de la Communauté. L'introduction d'une monnaie commune procurerait des bénéfices additionnels, sans occasionner le moindre coût supplémentaire ; elle augmenterait le bénéfice net que l'on est en droit d'attendre de l'union monétaire. Au-delà de la première étape, des mesures institutionnelles seront nécessaires pour établir une union monétaire. Quoique séduisante d'un point de vue théorique, la concurrence entre monnaies a peu de chances de permettre des progrès substantiels dans un environnement tel que celui de la première phase au cours de laquelle, de toutes façons, les taux d'inflation convergeront probablement vers un niveau plus bas. Il n'y a pas lieu d'encourager la concurrence entre monnaies pour en faire un instrument de discipline anti-inflationniste aussi longtemps que la politique monétaire commune proposée est fondée sur l'obligation clairement définie de viser la stabilité des prix et que l'institution qui gère cette politique bénéficie d'une garantie d'indépendance. Aller au-delà de la première étape risque également de s'avérer nécessaire dans la mesure où le rôle dominant de la Bundesbank se trouvera affaibli par le renforcement des autres monnaies lié au caractère de moins en moins probable des réalignements. Quelles mesures institutionnelles faut-il alors prendre au-delà de la première étape ? A l'instar du rapport Delors, nous recommandons la création d'un Système européen de banques centrales (SEBC), qui nécessitera une révision du Traité. Le SEBC assumerait progressivement les fonctions d'une banque centrale européenne. Il pourrait utiliser, de diverses manières, les réserves obligatoires, reproduisant, au niveau européen, les pratiques des banques centrales nationales. Cet instrument pourrait être décisif dans le contrôle, par le SEBC, des conditions globales de liquidité et permettre ainsi le passage en douceur à la phase ultime de l'union monétaire européenne (UME), caractérisée par une monnaie commune et une banque centrale européenne.

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel Gros & Niels Thygesen, 1990. "Vers l'union monétaire européenne : pourquoi et comment ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 33(1), pages 131-153.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1990_num_33_1_1677
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1990.1677
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1990.1677
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Daniel Gros & Niels Thygesen, 1990. "Concrete Steps Towards Monetary Union," Discussion Papers 90-02, University of Copenhagen. Department of Economics.
    2. Daniel Gros & Niels Thygesen, 1988. "Le SME : performances et perspectives," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 24(1), pages 55-80.
    3. Stockman, Alan C., 1988. "Sectoral and national aggregate disturbances to industrial output in seven European countries," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(2-3), pages 387-409.
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    1. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/1826 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Gilbert Koenig, 1994. "Les actifs libellés en écus dans le système monétaire et financier européen : une approche en termes de portefeuille," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 45(4), pages 1045-1064.
    3. Catherine Bruno & Jacques Le Cacheux & Catherine Mathieu, 1991. "L'Union monétaire européenne : état des lieux, projets et enjeux," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 38(1), pages 93-142.
    4. Coulibaly, Issiaka & Gnimassoun, Blaise, 2013. "Optimality of a monetary union: New evidence from exchange rate misalignments in West Africa," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 463-482.

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