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Convergences et diversités des sociétés européennes occidentales

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  • Michel Forsé

Abstract

[fre] Les événements que nous connaissons actuellement à l'Est sont l'occasion de s'interroger à nouveau sur l'unité de l'Europe occidentale. La diversité est évidente, elle se manifeste par l'économie, les langues, les religions, etc. D'ailleurs à l'intérieur d'une même nation peuvent exister des contrastes régionaux plus forts que ceux qui séparent deux pays. La plupart des observateurs notaient au milieu des années soixante-dix que l'industrialisation n'avait pas réussi à uniformiser les modes de vie. Schématiquement on pouvait toujours distinguer entre une aire septentrionale et une aire australe. Aujourd'hui le diagnostic est différent. L'opposition persiste mais elle s'atténue. Passant en revue quelques-unes des grandes évolutions de l'Europe de l'Ouest sur des sujets aussi divers que les inégalités de développement économique, le travail et l'emploi, la famille, le vieillissement, les modes de vie, la religion, les préférences politiques et les valeurs, on constate qu'un processus de convergence est à l'œuvre. Partout l'élévation des niveaux de vie s'est accompagnée d'une transformation des modes de vie qui aboutit à une relative homogénéisation. Sur bien des points les différences nationales, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, sont, dès à présent, plus faibles que les différences socio-démographiques. Il n'en resulte pas une uniformité absolue. Dans la plupart des cas les changements ont d'abord affecté le Nord avant de se diffuser au Sud. Or au Nord ils sont le prolongement de tendances antérieures, alors qu'au Sud ils en prennent le contrepied, ils correspondent souvent à une remise en cause de la tradition. Si une ouverture plus parfaite des frontières, à l'intérieur du marché commun, doit avoir pour conséquence d'intensifier les échanges, notre Vieux Continent a toutes les chances d'approfondir son identité culturelle. [eng] The recent events in Eastern Europe offer a new opportunity to rise the question of Western Europe unity. Diversity is obvious as shown by economies, idioms, religions... Even within the same nation, regional contrasts can be more important than differences between two countries. In the mid 70's most of observers thought that industrialization did not succeed in making life style uniform. Two big areas, North and South, could be schematically distinguished. Today the diagnostic has rather changed. This distinction still exists but is vanishing. Looking at important trends of societal transformation in Western Europe on topics as various as economic inequalities, employement, family, aging, life style, religion, political opinion and values, we see that a convergence process is taking place. Everywhere, higher standard of living have involved a transformation of life style in the sense of a growing relative homogeneity. On many indicators, national differences are now less important than social or demographic differences. This does not imply an absolute uniformity. Most of the changes began in Northern Europe before spreading in the South. However, while in the North they are the continuation of old trends, in the South, they are very often in opposition with traditions. If the opening of the borders within the Common Market has to intensify various kinds of exchange beetween the nations, our Old Continent is likely to deepen its cultural identity.

Suggested Citation

  • Michel Forsé, 1990. "Convergences et diversités des sociétés européennes occidentales," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 30(1), pages 63-83.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1990_num_30_1_1199
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1990.1199
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1990.1199
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