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Dévaluer en Afrique ?

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  • Sylviane Guillaumont Jeanneney

Abstract

[eng] Devaluation in Africa ? Sylviane Guillaumont Jeanneney Although main currencies in the world are now floating, the question whether a devaluation is opportune remains a topical suject for many countries. This is especially true for the developing countries which are engaged in « structural adjustment programs » with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Devaluation is one of the most disussed items of the conditionality agenda of IMF agreements, which has often led governments to interrupt négociations with the Fund. This article studies the case of a small developing country with an important and lasting balance of payments deficit whose adjustment implies a drop of the real exchange rate, i.e. a definite increare in economic comptitiveness. It gives a theoretical analysis of the conditions and consequences of a drop of real exchange rate with and without devaluation. It focuses on the crucial role of inflation expectations, on wich the efficiency of the devaluation depends. The theoretical analysis is then applied to the adjustment policies that five countries belonging to the West African Monetary Union have conducted since 1980. The originality of these policies is to have been conducted without devaluation ; indeed that these states belong to a monetary union prevents them from unilaterally changing their rate of exchange. The feature of the evolution of the effective exchange rates of UMOA countries is a higher real depreciation of these rates higher than the nominal ones, the inverse relation being more usual because of the inflationary impact of devaluation. This unusual pattern of UMOA exchange rates seems to be explained by the lack of inflation expectations. This in turn is due to the fact that the nominal depreciation of the currency has not resulted from a devaluation of CFA franc, but indirectly through the depreciation of the french franc to which CFA francs pegged. The consequence is that the monetary and fiscal policy which was needed to have the real exchange rate drop would not have been more restrictive with devaluation. According by the governments of the UMOA States are justified in their whish not to devalue. It is nevertheless impossible to anticipate what could be the right decicion in the future, because of their dependence on the international environement. The experience of UMOA countries, even if it cannot be directly transposed, shows that a steadfast pegging of a currency increases the efficiency of the control of global demand by reducing inflation expectations. [fre] En dépit du flottement des grandes monnaies du monde, la question de l'opportunité d'une dévaluation reste d'actualité pour de nombreuses économies, notamment dans les pays en voie de développement engagés avec le concours du Fonds monétaire et de la banque mondiale dans un « programme d'ajustement structurel ». La dévaluation est l'un des aspects de la conditionnante des crédits du FMI qui a été le plus discuté et a parfois conduit à une rupture des négociations des Etats avec le Fonds. Le présent article étudie le cas d'une petite économie en voie de développement souffrant d'un déséquilibre important et durable de sa balance des paiements dont le rééquilibre impose une baisse du taux de change réel, autrement dit une amélioration durable de la compétitivité vis-à-vis de l'extérieur. Il présente une analyse théorique des conditions et des conséquences d'une baisse du taux de change réel avec et sans dévaluation. Il met en lumière le rôle crucial des anticipations d'inflation dont dépend l'efficacité de la dévaluation. L'analyse théorique est ensuite illustrée par l'étude de l'expérience d'ajustement menée par cinq Etats de l'Union monétaire ouest-africaine depuis 1980. L'originalité de cette politique est d'avoir été menée sans recours à la dévaluation, l'appartenance de ces Etats à une Union monétaire les empêchant de modifier, par une décision unilatérale, leur taux de change. Le trait caractéristique de révolution des taux de change effectifs des pays de l'UMOA est une dépréciation réelle de ces taux supérieure à la dépréciation nominale, alors que l'on constate en général la relation inverse, en raison de l'effet inflationniste de la dévaluation. Cette évolution particulière des taux de change de l'UMOA semble s'expliquer par l'absence d'anticipations inflationnistes, du fait que la dépréciation nominale du taux de change n'a pas résulté d'une dévaluation du franc CFA mais a découlé indirectement de la dépréciation du franc français auquel le franc CFA est rattaché. Il apparaît ainsi que la politique monétaire et budgétaire nécessaire pour faire baisser le taux de change réel n'aurait pas été rendue moins restrictive par une dévaluation. La volonté des gouvernements de l'UMOA d'ajuster leur économie sans dévaluer se trouve donc justifiée. Toutefois cette conclusion ne permet pas de préjuger des décisions souhaitables pour l'avenir qui dépendront de l'évolution de l'environnement international. L'expérience des Etats de l'UMOA, même si elle n'est pas directement transposable, montre que la fixité institutionnelle du taux de change, en réduisant les prévisions d'inflation, accroît l'efficacité du contrôle de la demande globale.

Suggested Citation

  • Sylviane Guillaumont Jeanneney, 1988. "Dévaluer en Afrique ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 25(1), pages 123-143.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1988_num_25_1_1155
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1988.1155
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1988.1155
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    1. Patrick Guillaumont, 1993. "Politique d'ajustement et développement agricole," Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol. 216(1), pages 20-29.

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