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Théories et pratiques du déficit public

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  • Henri Sterdyniak

Abstract

[fre] Depuis 1974, la quasi-totalité des pays occidentaux connaissent de forts déficits publics, ceux de la France étant des plus modérés. Ces déficits peuvent-ils être attribués à une évolution incontrôlée des dépenses publiques, sont-ils la conséquence automatique du ralentissement de l'activité économique, ou proviennent-ils d'une volonté de régulation macroéconomique ? La première partie de l'article montre qu'un certain déficit public est souhaitable en situation de croissance ralentie, de chômage, de contrainte extérieure. Il s'agit d'un côté de soutenir la demande car la demande émanant des entreprises se réduit fortement ; de l'autre, de gérer l'offre : le déficit public (plutôt que la hausse des charges des entreprises) peut favoriser la compétitivité et l'investissement donc augmenter la production possible à déficit extérieur donné. La seconde partie présente le problème du financement du déficit. L'impact différencié du financement monétaire et obligataire dépend à la fois du type de régulation monétaire en œuvre et de l'impact de l'émission d'obligations sur la demande de monnaie. On montre que le souci des pouvoirs publics de respecter une contrainte de masse monétaire peut induire des politiques déstabilisatrices. Mais, les pouvoirs publics disposent de suffisamment d'instruments de politique économique pour déconnecter la politique monétaire de la politique budgétaire et de son type de financement. Le taux d'intérêt peut être géré en fonction du taux de change désiré, tandis que dans la mesure où les ménages souhaitent épargner et conserver leurs actifs financiers sous forme monétaire, pour limiter l'endettement bancaire des entreprises, il peut être utile que les administrations participent nettement à la création monétaire. [eng] Since 1974 almost all western economies have had large public sector deficits, France's being one of the smaller. Are these deficits due to an uncontrolled growth in public spending ? Are they the automatic result of the decline in the level of economic activity ? Or are they just the side-effect of macroéconomic stabilization policy? The first part of the article shows that a public deficit can be helpful when growth slows down, or unemployment rises, or when there is an external constraint. The deficit can both sustain aggregate demand when corporate sector demand has fallen, and on the supply side (unlike increased charges on the corporate sector) it can help competitiveness and investment and, therefore, raise the level of production compatible with a given external deficit. The second part discusses the financing of the deficit. The difference between the impact of bond and money-finance depends on the monetary policy regime in use and on the impact of the sales of bonds on the demand for money. It is shown that an attempt to achieve money supply targets may lead to destabilization of the economy but the government has enough policy instruments to make its monetary and fiscal policies independent of the way in which the budget is financed. If the rate of interest is chosen to achieve a particular exchange rate and the personal sector wish to save and to hold these savings in the form of money balances, it may be advisable for the government to allow the money supply to increase if it wishes to limit corporate indebtedness to the banking system.

Suggested Citation

  • Henri Sterdyniak, 1983. "Théories et pratiques du déficit public," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 3(1), pages 65-90.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1983_num_3_1_934
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1983.934
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1983.934
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