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Politique monétaire passive ou politique économique?

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  • Jean-Paul Fitoussi

Abstract

[eng] In recent years, most OECD countries have altered the aims of economic policy and the means used to attain them. Inflation is considered to be the main source of déstabilisation and tight monetary policy the only suitable instrument for dealing with it. This paper questions the theoretical and factual evidence brought in support of this position. Merely setting out the arguments reveals their weakness. The rationality of expectations plays an important role in the analysis. However, this does not, as those upholding monetary conservatism would have it, justify giving up a policy of active intervention. There follows an alternative programme concerning growth and production costs. There are fundamental reasons, based on investment behaviour and yields, for thinking that such a policy would have a favourable effect on prices and employment. Tight monetary policy would then be seen to be counter-productive. It would aggravate the problem it is trying to deal with (inflation), without of course resolving the problem whose existence or social relevance it ignores (viz. unemployment). [fre] Dans les années récentes, la politique économique dans la plupart des pays de l'OCDE semble avoir modifié à la fois ses objectifs et les moyens utilisés pour les atteindre. L'inflation est considérée comme le déséquilibre majeur et une politique monétaire restrictive comme le seul instrument qui permette de la réduire. Dans cet article, on s'interroge sur le bien-fondé d'une telle position, sur les hypothèses théoriques et les faits d'expérience qui servent à la justifier. La seule explication des unes et des autres permet d'en mesurer la fragilité. La rationalité des anticipations des agents économiques occupe une place importante dans l'analyse, mais elle ne constitue pas, comme le soutiennent les tenants du conservatisme monétaire, une raison suffisante pour renoncer à une politique active. Un programme alternatif est alors proposé, fondé sur une double action, concernant la croissance et le coût de production. Il existe en effet des raisons fondamentales, liées au comportement d'investissement des entreprises, et à la nature des rendements, qui permettent de penser qu'une telle politique aurait des effets favorables sur les prix et l'emploi. Une politique monétariste restrictive se révélerait alors contre-productive, aggravant dans le court ou moyen terme le problème qu'elle cherche à résoudre (l'inflation), sans bien sûr résoudre le problème dont elle nie l'existence ou la pertinence sociale (le chômage).

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Paul Fitoussi, 1982. "Politique monétaire passive ou politique économique?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 1(1), pages 91-103.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1982_num_1_1_918
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1982.918
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1982.918
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