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Le mythe de l'harmonisation fiscale

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  • Pascal Salin

Abstract

[fre] L'harmonisation des taux de T.V.A. est généralement considérée comme une condition essentielle de la création du grand marché européen de 1992. Le présent texte montre qu'il n'en est rien. Il souligne en effet que les différences de taux de T.V.A. entre pays résultent essentiellement de deux facteurs : les différences dans la dimension relative du secteur public, donc dans le montant global des impôts ; la part de la T.V.A. dans le montant total des impôts. Or, quel que soit l'impôt considéré, celui-ci se traduit nécessairement par une diminution du pouvoir d'achat des titulaires de revenus. En dehors d'effets de répartition qui sont évidents, il importe peu de financer les dépenses publiques, par exemple par une T.V.A. ou par un impôt sur le revenu. Ces deux modes de financement n'affectent pas la spécialisation relative des pays ou, pour utiliser le langage habituel, la compétitivité relative des entreprises. Il n'est donc pas nécessaire d'harmoniser la fiscalité. On peut aussi montrer que la pratique habituelle du remboursement de la T.V.A. à l'exportation et de son paiement à l'importation n'est pas nécessaire. Enfin, si l'on tient compte des mouvements de facteurs de production, la diversification des taux d'impôts permet la « concurrence fiscale ». De ce point de vue non plus l'égalisation des taux entre pays ne peut pas constituer un objectif rationnel de politique économique. [eng] The homogeneity of the V.A.T. rates is generally considered as a preliminary condition to the creation of the united European market in 1992. This paper shows that it is wrong. Differences between V.A.T. rates of several countries are due to : the differences in the relative size of the public sectors and therefore in the global amount of taxes ; the role of V.A.T. in the fiscal pattern. A tax, whatever it is, is necessarily decreasing the purchasing power of agents. Neglecting repartition effects which are obvious, it is not important wether public expenditure is financed by V.A.T. or an income tax. Both of these taxes have no influence upon the relative specialization of countries, or to use a common expression, the relative competitivity of firms. It is, then, not necessary to harmonize taxes. The usual payback of V.A.T. before exporting and its payment before importing can also be proved unnecessary. When an input mobility is introduced, the diversification of taxes rates makes possible fiscal competition. From this point of view, the unity of rates between different countries cannot be a rationnai objective of economic policy.

Suggested Citation

  • Pascal Salin, 1988. "Le mythe de l'harmonisation fiscale," Revue Française d'Économie, Programme National Persée, vol. 3(3), pages 135-158.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rfreco:rfeco_0769-0479_1988_num_3_3_1187
    DOI: 10.3406/rfeco.1988.1187
    Note: DOI:10.3406/rfeco.1988.1187
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