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L'équilibre du marché des changes à terme et l'intervention des banques centrales

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  • Yannick Marquet

Abstract

[fre] Cet article se propose de décrire l'équilibre du marché des changes à terme en rejetant l'hypothèse traditionnelle des théoriciens selon laquelle il existe un marché où sont confrontés directement les achats et les ventes d'une devise pour une échéance donnée. Une telle assertion conduit en effet à considérer que seuls les arbitrages sur taux d'intérêt couverts en change sont responsables des mouvements de capitaux à court terme puisque eux seuls mettent en relation le marché à terme et le marché au comptant.. En renonçant à cette hypothèse, on peut décrire les phénomènes du change à terme en considérant uniquement les marchés touchés par l'exécution des ordres à terme sec. Il s'agit, en plus du marché des changes au comptant, de marchés de trésorerie et notamment des marchés de swaps et des euro-marchés. On aboutit alors à une analyse beaucoup plus proche de la réalité permettant de tenir compte de l'ensemble des critiques que les cambistes professionnels ont fait à la théorie académique, d'intégrer le rôle des euro-marchés tout en précisant leur nature et de déterminer l'influence exacte de la spéculation sur les mouvements de capitaux à court terme.. Enfin, on peut proposer une analyse plus satisfaisante de l'intervention des banques centrales et la généraliser aux opérations officielles sur les euro-marchés. Si on tient compte de l'influence des arbitrages sur la structure temporelle des taux, on montre qu'il est impossible de juger l'efficacité de ces interventions à partir des seuls résultats théoriques et en l'absence d'informations quantitatives sur les marchés. Il est alors plus facile de comprendre pourquoi de telles politiques appli­quées conformément à la théorie traditionnelle, n'ont pas toujours donné les résultats escomptés. [eng] The purpose of this paper is to describe the equilibrium of the forward exchange market without using the traditional assumption according to which there exists one market where purchases and sales of foreign currency at a given term directly meet. Such an hypothesis implies that only the covered interest rates arbitrages are responsible of the short term capital movements since they are the only relation between the spot and the forward exchange markets.. Deleting this assumption, forward exchange is described by considering only the markets concerned? with the execution of outright forward orders (i.e. the spot exchange market, with the swaps and/or euro-markets for example). We get then a more realistic analysis that allows : — to take info account the critics made to theory by professional cambists, — taking into considération the role of the euro-markets while describing precisely their nature, and determining the exact influence of speculation on thé short term capital movements.. Finally, this paper proposes a more adequate analysis of central banks interventions and extends the results to the official transactions on the euro~markets. If we take into account the influence of the forward-forward operations, we may show that it is impossible to estimate the efficiency of these interventions on the only basis of theoretical results and whithout quantitative informations on the markets. Therefore, it is easier to understand why such policies applied in conformity with the traditional theory, have not always given the expected effects.

Suggested Citation

  • Yannick Marquet, 1976. "L'équilibre du marché des changes à terme et l'intervention des banques centrales," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 27(1), pages 85-121.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:reveco:reco_0035-2764_1976_num_27_1_408250
    DOI: 10.3406/reco.1976.408250
    Note: DOI:10.3406/reco.1976.408250
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