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La répartition des exploitations dans l'agriculture française à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle

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  • Jean Ibanès

Abstract

[fre] La répartition des exploitations dans l'agriculture française, à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle. . Les résultats des enquêtes décennales de 1862, 1882 et 1892, ainsi que le recoupement des données fournies par l'enquête de 1908-1909 sur la petite propriété rurale au moyen de documents d'origines diverses, permettent de mettre au jour les mouvements qui ont affecté la répartition des exploitations agricoles, en France, de 1860 à 1910.. La progression des exploitations de 5 à 30 ha au cours de la période 1862-1882 est à mettre en rapport avec l'extension de la transformation du modèle cultural, dont les caractères économiques s'accommodaient bien du cadre de la « petite-moyenne » culture. Durant la crise agricole qui a suivi, les formes spécifiques de son organisation ont conféré à la petite culture une remarquable aptitude à résister, tandis que les exploitations moyennes ont été d'autant plus atteintes que leurs dimensions étaient plus importantes.. Dans la suite, la politique protectionniste a sans doute réduit l'ampleur du procès d'élimination capitaliste des petites exploitations; mais elle a surtout favorisé l'essor de la moyenne culture, grande bénéficiaire de la rente différentielle liée à la protection et dont le cadre était approprié aux nouvelles formes du progrès agricole.. Les limites de ces variations catégorielles se marquent, cependant, dans une relative stabilité de la structure de la répartition des exploitations. Cette stabilité s'explique elle-même par référence aux obstacles internes au mouvement de concentration et à quelques caractères de l'évolution de l'agriculture au cours de ce demi-siècle, en particulier au rythme de son développement et au volume de sa population active. [eng] The distribution of agricultural land-holdings in France at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. . The results of the decennial surveys of 1862, 1882 and 1892 and the cross-checking of data provided by the 1908-1909 survey of small rural land-holdings by means of documents of varied origin throw light upon the movements which affected the allocation of agricultural holdings in France from 1860 to 1910. For the period 1862-1882, the increase in the number of land-holdings covering areas of between 5 and 30 hectares can be directly related to the more widespread application of the changes in the patterns of agriculture, whose economie characteristics fitted well the cadre of « small-to-medium-scale » farming. During the agricultural crisis which followed, the specific forms of its organisation conferred upon small-scale farming a remarkable resilience, while the middle-scale holdings suffered proportionately to their size.Thereafter, protectionist policies doubtless mitigated the process of buying out small-holdings, but, above all, these policies were favourable to the rise of the middle-scale farm, the great beneficiary of the differential income plan related to protection, and whose structuring was suited to the new forms of agricultural progress.The limits of these variations within categories are marked, however, by a relative stability in the structure of the System of allocation of these land-holdings. The explanation of this stability can be found by means of an examination of the internal obstacles to the movement towards concentration and of some characteristics of the evolution of agriculture during this half-century, and in particular the rhythm of its development and the volume of its active population.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean Ibanès, 1974. "La répartition des exploitations dans l'agriculture française à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 25(4), pages 706-734.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:reveco:reco_0035-2764_1974_num_25_4_408168
    DOI: 10.3406/reco.1974.408168
    Note: DOI:10.3406/reco.1974.408168
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