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La politique économique internationale des États-Unis dans l'après-guerre froide : 1991-2001

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  • Pierre Melandri

Abstract

[fre] Résumé Clinton a promu la libéralisation des échanges internationaux avec l'argument que l'internationalisation de l'économie serait favorable aux salariés américains, si l'État fédéral facilitait leur adaptation à l'ouverture des marchés, et défendait fermement les positions commerciales américaines à l'étranger. Parallèlement, il a présenté la mondialisation comme un facteur de paix. En fait, jusqu'à la fin de 1993, la croissance des exportations américaines a été fondée sur la baisse des salaires, du dollar et des impôts, mais peu sur l'investissement. Il y avait donc loin de la réalité à l'image idyllique de la mondialisation propagée par l'équipe Clinton. Ce contraste explique la perte de la majorité parlementaire par les démocrates en 1994, et la montée de l'opposition à la globalisation, aux États-Unis comme dans les pays en développement, à partir de la crise financière asiatique de 1997. À la fin de son second mandat, Clinton ne bénéficiait donc plus que d'une marge de manœuvre étroite: il a obtenu l'aval du Congrès à l'entrée de la Chine populaire à l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce, mais a dû renoncer au lancement de la négociation douanière dite «Round du Millénaire», qui constituait pourtant sa grande priorité. [eng] Abstract According to Clinton, American workers would benefit from trade liberalisation, provided the Administration helped them to adjust and acted as the champion of US exports. Clinton also hailed globalisation as a peace-enhancing factor. Actually, up to the end of 1993, the growth of American exports was not based on fresh investments, but on lower wages, lighter taxes, and a weakening dollar. This discrepancy between the actual situation and the fairy-tale vision of globalisation popularised by the Clinton administration, explains the Congressional victory of the Republican party in 1994, as well as the rise of opposition to globalisation, in the United states and abroad, after the Far Eastern financial crisis of 1997. Clinton 's hand was thus weakened in the latter part of this second mandate: Congress granted him the accession of People's China to the WTO, but he had to give up his pet project of a «Millennium Round».

Suggested Citation

  • Pierre Melandri, 2003. "La politique économique internationale des États-Unis dans l'après-guerre froide : 1991-2001," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 22(1), pages 87-104.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_2003_num_22_1_2286
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.2003.2286
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.2003.2286
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