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L'âge d'or du protectionnisme américain

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  • Jean Heffer

Abstract

[eng] Abstract The United States were a protectionist country from the Civil War to 1934, except under the Wilson presidency. High tariffs were supposed to protect American workers from the competition of imports from low-wages countries. This papers charts the main features of protective laws, then provides a legislative history of the highly protective Hawley-Smoot tariff, and assesses its macroe- conomic impact. It is debatable whether votes for or again the tariff depended more on partisan affiliation or on the economic features of the constituencies. Hawley-Smoot had but a low direct macroeconomic impact, since the share of imports in the American GNP was still low in 1930. On the other hand, by contributing to the decline of world trade, Hawley-Smoot may have had a negative effect on the international monetary and financial system. [fre] Résumé Excepté sous Wilson, les États-Unis ont pratiqué le protectionnisme douanier de la guerre de Sécession à 1934. Ce protectionnisme était justifié par la nécessité de préserver le niveau de vie des travailleurs américains face à la concurrence de produits importés fabriqués par une main ď œuvre étrangère bien moins payée. Après un relevé des principales dispositions des lois protectionnistes, l'article fait le point sur l'élaboration et les effets macroéconomiques du tarif Hawley-Smoot de 1930, apothéose du protectionnisme. Le débat reste ouvert pour savoir si les votes en faveur du tarif dépendent davantage de l'appartenance partisane des élus ou des caractéristiques économiques de leurs circonscriptions. Étant donné la faible part des importations dans le PIB américain, l'effet macroéconomique direct du tarif a été réduit. En revanche, en contribuant au déclin du commerce international, le tarif a pu exercer un effet néfaste sur le fonctionnement du système monétaire et financier mondial.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean Heffer, 2003. "L'âge d'or du protectionnisme américain," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 22(1), pages 7-22.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_2003_num_22_1_2281
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.2003.2281
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.2003.2281
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