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La royauté sacrée et sa christianisation : réflexions sur le lien du politique et du religieux

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  • François Gaulme

Abstract

[fre] Résumé La royauté sacrée, institution mêlant le politique et le religieux et définie par Frazer à l'origine, est susceptible de christianisation. Deux exemples en sont ici mis en parallèle, l'un en Afrique équatoriale au XIXe siècle (un missionnaire catholique se substituant au roi sacré traditionnel) et l'autre chez les Francs du VHP siècle (passage des Mérovingiens aux Pépinides avec l'appui du pape). Mais l'exemple de la France montre qu'ultérieurement cette royauté christianisée a tendance à se régler à nouveau sur le modèle de la royauté sacrée antérieure, tandis que le passage à l'ère impériale à Rome, effectué par Auguste, révèle que la royauté sacrée originelle peut provoquer des imitations ultérieures avec des moyens et des buts nouveaux. La force du modèle de la royauté sacrée, reliée dans cet article au « synécisme » des cités antiques, tient à ce qu'elle manifeste l'apparition d'un stade propement politique par rapport à une organisation sociale purement lignagère. Le roi « divin » ou « sacré » tire sa puissance et son caractère propre de sa descendance exclusive d'un dieu primordial, et non de la force des rites entourant sa personne. Cette naissance du politique correspond d'ailleurs à un double paradigme culturel, car il a existé aussi des « républiques sacrées » fondées par des initiés rivalisant avec les rois (Israël avec Moïse, Sparte après Lycurgue) et insuffisamment étudiées jusqu'à présent, alors qu'elles aussi peuvent se christianiser (Venise). [eng] Abstract Sacred kingship, firstly defined by Frazer as a specific institution, is indicative of a strong and old link between political and religious orders. Hence it can be affected by a christianization process. Two examples of such a situation are compared here, one in 19th century Equatorial Africa (a Catholic missionary's coronation against the rules of traditional kingship) and the other among the 8th century Franks (anoinment of king Pepin by the pope, ending an era of reges criniti). Some remarks on French monarchy are tending to demonstrate, however, a keeping of its former pace and style by the sacred kingship, even after christianization. Similarly, Imperial power in Rome has been an archaic sacred kingship revival with new instruments and views. This late type of political sacrality is not exactly in line with the former one, for "sacred" or "divine" kingship has been firstly a major expression of the surging of a real political order from purely clanic societies, as indicated by its association with the so-called « synoecism » of ancient Mediterranean cities. Sacred kingship should not be defined by a collection of external rites and practices. Its core is to be found in the actual king's genealogical descent from a primal god. The surging of political order is more precisely a two faced paradigm constructed on rivalty between a king and a chief initiate. Both are showing, in two actual options ("sacred kingship" as in France or "sacred republics" such as Moses' Israel or Lycurgus' Sparta) a deliberate tendency to capture for their benefits the necessary connection between human society and the ancestral god. Modern or ancient politics, indeed, are ever keeping a religious aspect and "sacred republics", equally, may during their history get sometimes christianized (as in Venice).

Suggested Citation

  • François Gaulme, 1996. "La royauté sacrée et sa christianisation : réflexions sur le lien du politique et du religieux," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 15(4), pages 525-569.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1996_num_15_4_1887
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1996.1887
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1996.1887
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