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Les patrons des métiers du bâtiment à Alençon (Orne) : au XIXe siècle : émergence d'une « élite populaire

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  • Jean-Louis Lenhof

Abstract

[fre] Résumé Entre 1815 et 1914, Alençon n'a pas connu d'essor démographique, et la population totale recensée n'a jamais atteint les 20 000 habitants. Néanmoins, le travail n'a pas manqué pour les patrons du bâtiment : constructions financées par une importante « classe oisive » de rentiers du sol, mises en chantiers liées à la prospérité de la fabrique de toiles de chanvre (filature mécanisée, tissage « dispersé »), travaux entrepris à la faveur du développement des fonctions de service (surtout après la crise des années 1880-1890). Ces bonnes affaires ont enrichi les divers patrons du bâtiment : des fortunes supérieures à 100 000 F apparaissent à la fin du siècle. Mais, si ce type de patronat a été un moyen d'intégration sociale pour de nombreux migrants ruraux, il n'y a eu qu'une promotion sociale limitée de l'ensemble du groupe, qui n'a pas dépassé le stade de « l'élite populaire ». En outre, seuls quelques éléments, qualifiés « d'entrepreneurs » (par opposition au simple « maître-artisan »), ont vraiment réussi : ils dirigent, à la fin du siècle, les « entreprises générales », c'est-à-dire qu'ils prennent en charge des programmes entiers de construction, voire les décident eux-mêmes. Cependant, aucun d'entre eux n'a réellement fait partie des groupes dirigeants de la ville. [eng] Abstract Between 1815 and 1914 there was not really an increase in the population of Alençon which never exceeded 20 000 inhabitants. Nevertheless the masters of building trades were not short of work. In fact they built many residences ordered by a « leisure class » living by ground rent. There was also an important demand as a result of the prosperity in the making of hempen web (mechanized factory for spinning and « domestic system » for weaving). At last, the development of the town as service center (especially after the economic crisis of the 80' s and 90' s) was not extraneous to the prosperity of the building industry. Such a period of lot of business was synonymous of enrichment for the masters of the building trades and at the end of the century a few of them had fortunes exceeding 100 000 Francs. And this kind of mastership was a way to become socially integrated for many migrants of rural extraction. However there was a restricted « social promotion » and the group as a whole never succeeded in going beyond the stage of the « working elite ». To tell the truth, there was only a minority of these people that really got on : they were called entrepreneurs de bâtiment (« building contractors », in contrast with the common « craft-masters »). At he end of the century, they ruled the « general firms », that means they contracted for entire building projects (sometimes they were instigators of those building projects). But in spite of that success- full outcome none of them really belonged to the ruling classes of the town.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Louis Lenhof, 1995. "Les patrons des métiers du bâtiment à Alençon (Orne) : au XIXe siècle : émergence d'une « élite populaire," Histoire, économie & société, Programme National Persée, vol. 14(2), pages 191-214.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:hiseco:hes_0752-5702_1995_num_14_2_1769
    DOI: 10.3406/hes.1995.1769
    Note: DOI:10.3406/hes.1995.1769
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