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Les schémas de concentration sectorielle au sein de l’Union européenne : l’Est miroir de l’Ouest ?

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  • Marie-Line Duboz
  • Rachel Guillain
  • Julie Le Gallo

Abstract

[ger] In diesem Artikel wird die Entwicklung der sektoralen Konzentration in Europa anhand zweier Stichproben von . Regionen analysiert: Regionen der 15 alten Mitgliedstaaten (EU15) im Zeitraum 1980-2004 und Regionen der . mittel-und osteuropäischen Länder (MOEL) im Zeitraum von 1990-2004. Der von Brülhart und Traeger verwendete Entropieindex (2005) wird für die Landwirtschaft, das verarbeitende Gewerbe und den Dienstleistungssektor errechnet. Mit einem Verfahren des Typs block-. bootstrap wird die statistische Signifikanz der Abweichungen . zwischen Unterzeiträumen bewertet. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen eine Entwicklung der Schemata sektoraler Konzentration in EU15 und in den . MOEL, die die Erkenntnisse aus den geografischen Wirtschaftsmodellen bestätigen: Der Rückgang der . Transaktionskosten ändert die Konzentration der Wirtschaftstätigkeiten. Nach diesen Erkenntnissen folgt auf eine erste Konzentrationsphase aber auch eine zweite . Phase der Redispersion mit hoher wirtschaftlicher Konzentration. . Unsere Ergebnisse bestätigen diese theoretische Schlussfolgerung nicht. Bedeutet dies, dass der Integrationsprozess noch nicht ausreichend fortgeschritten ist? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage müssen . die Kosten des Handelsverkehrs und ihre Entwicklungen . im Sinne der geografischen Wirtschaftsmodelle . geschätzt werden; diese Schätzungen werden zurzeit vorgenommen. Zudem zeigen unsere Ergebnisse, dass sich die Konzentrationsschemata zwar ändern, zwischen den west-und osteuropäischen Ländern aber keine Angleichung . stattfindet. Aufgrund der wirtschaftlichen Besonderheiten . der MOEL im Vergleich zu EU15 überrascht dieses Phänomen nicht: Der Strukturwandel in den neuen Mitgliedstaaten als Folge der Einführung der Marktwirtschaft . beeinflusst die Verteilung ihrer Wirtschaftstätigkeiten, . so dass sie sich von den alten Mitgliedstaaten unterscheiden. Im Hinblick auf die Kohäsionspolitik im Zeitraum bis 2013 ist dies aber nicht ohne Bedeutung: Die Zunahme der Konzentration in der Landwirtschaft und der Industrie der MOEL könnte zu einem größeren Einkommensgefälle pro Einwohner in diesen Ländern führen, was den von der Europäischen Union gesetzten Zielen zuwiderlaufen würde. [spa] Este artículo analiza la evolución de la concentración sectorial europea a partir de dos muestras de regiones, la de la UE-15 entre 1980-2004 y la de los países de Europa central y oriental (PECO) entre 1990-2004. Se calcula el índice de entropía utilizado por Brülhart y Traeger (2005) para los sectores agrícola, manufacturero . y de servicios. La significatividad estadística de las . diferencias entre subperíodos se evalúa con un procedimiento de tipo block-bootstrap. Nuestros resultados muestran una evolución de los esquemas de concentración sectorial en la UE-15 y en los PECO, corroborando la información de los modelos . de economía geográfica: la disminución de los costes de transacción modifica los esquemas de concentración . de las actividades económicas. No obstante, esta información concluye también que, a una primera fase concentración, sucede una segunda fase de re-dispersión para niveles elevados de integración económica. Nuestros resultados no validan esta constatación teórica. ¿ Debe decirse que el proceso de integración . no está todavía lo suficientemente avanzado? Responder a esta pregunta requiere estimar los costes de intercambios y sus evoluciones en el sentido entendido . en los modelos de economía geográfica, estimaciones . actualmente en curso. Además, nuestros resultados revelan que, aunque se . modifiquen los esquemas de concentración, no se . uniformizan entre los países europeos occidentales y los del este. Este fenómeno no sorprende teniendo en . cuenta las especificidades económicas de los PECO . respecto a la UE-15: el cambio de estructura en curso en los nuevos Estados miembros, que resulta del paso a una economía de mercado, actúa en la distribución de sus actividades económicas y los distingue en ese sentido de los antiguos Estados miembros. No obstante, eso no es anodino respecto a la política de cohesión en el horizonte de 2013: el incremento de la concentración en la agricultura y la industria de los PECO podría acentuar las diferencias de ingresos por cabeza en estos países, lo que no seguiría la orientación de los . objetivos fijados por la Unión Europea. [eng] This article analyses the changes in industry concentration in the European Union (EU) using two regional samples: the EU-15 for the years 1980-2004 and the Central/ Eastern European Countries (CEECs) for the years 1990-2004. We calculate Brülhart and Traeger’s entropy index (2005) for agriculture, manufacturing, and . services. To assess the statistical significance of the . gaps between sub-periods, we use a block-bootstrap procedure. Our results show a change in industry concentration patterns in the EU-15 and the CEECs, corroborating . the findings of economic-geography models, namely, . that the decline in transaction costs alters economic . concentration patterns. However, those findings also . show that an initial concentration phase is followed by a second phase characterised by redispersion at high levels of economic integration. Our results do not . confirm that theoretical conclusion. Does this mean that integration has not yet made sufficient progress? To . answer this question, we need to estimate transaction . costs and their changes as defined in economic-geography . models. These estimations are in progress. Moreover, our results reveal that, while concentration patterns are changing, they are not converging between Western and Eastern European countries. This phenomenon . is not surprising, given the specific economic . characteristics of CEECs compared with the EU-15: the structural change under way in the new Member States due to the transition to a market economy is impacting the distribution of their economic activities, thereby distinguishing CEECs from the older Member States. However, this development is not neutral in regard to the EU cohesion-policy goals for 2013. Higher concentration in agriculture and manufacturing in the CEECs could widen per-capita wage gaps in those countries, a trend that would run counter to EU objectives. [fre] Cet article analyse l’évolution de la concentration sectorielle européenne à partir de deux échantillons de régions, celles de l’UE-15 sur 1980-2004 et celles des PECO sur 1990-2004. L’indice d’entropie utilisé par Brülhart et Traeger (2005) est calculé pour les secteurs . agricole, manufacturier et de services. La significativité . statistique des écarts entre des sous-périodes est évaluée avec une procédure de type block-bootstrap. . . Nos résultats montrent une évolution des schémas de concentration sectorielle dans l’UE-15 et dans les PECO, corroborant les enseignements des modèles d’économie géographique: la baisse des coûts de . transaction modifie les schémas de concentration des . activités économiques. Néanmoins, ces enseignements concluent aussi qu’à une première phase de concentration, succède une seconde phase de re-dispersion pour des niveaux élevés d’intégration économique. Nos résultats ne valident pas ce constat théorique. Est-ce à dire que le processus d’intégration n’est pas encore suffisamment avancé? Répondre à cette interrogation . nécessite d’estimer les coûts d’échanges et leurs évolutions au sens entendu dans les modèles d’économie géographique, estimations actuellement en cours. Par ailleurs, nos résultats révèlent que si les schémas . de concentration se modifient, ils ne s’uniformisent pas . entre les pays européens de l’Ouest et ceux de l’Est. Ce phénomène n’est pas surprenant compte tenu des spécificités . économiques des PECO par rapport à l’UE-15: . le changement de structure en cours dans les nouveaux États membres, résultant du passage à une économie de marché, agit sur la répartition de leurs activités économiques et les distingue à ce titre des anciens États membres. Toutefois, ceci n’est pas anodin au regard de la politique de cohésion à l’horizon 2013: l’accroissement de la concentration dans l’agriculture et l’industrie des PECO pourrait accentuer les écarts de revenus par tête dans ces pays, ce qui n’irait pas dans le sens des . objectifs fixés par l’Union européenne.

Suggested Citation

  • Marie-Line Duboz & Rachel Guillain & Julie Le Gallo, 2009. "Les schémas de concentration sectorielle au sein de l’Union européenne : l’Est miroir de l’Ouest ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 423(1), pages 59-76.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2009_num_423_1_8025
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2009.8025
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2009.8025
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    2. Catherine BAUMONT & Rachel GUILLAIN, 2013. "Interactions, Spillovers De Connaissance Et Croissance Des Villes Européennes - Quel Est Le Rôle De La Géographie, Du Climat Institutionnel Et Des Réseaux Des Firmes Multinationales ?," Region et Developpement, Region et Developpement, LEAD, Universite du Sud - Toulon Var, vol. 38, pages 161-207.

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