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Conditions de collecte et santé subjective : une analyse sur données européennes

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  • Andrew E. Clark
  • Augustin Vicard

Abstract

[fre] La santé auto-déclarée, la mesure de santé la plus répandue dans les questionnaires, ne constitue qu'un reflet biaisé de l'état de santé réel. Mais il est difficile d'isoler et d'évaluer ces biais. En particulier, en quoi l'information recueillie dépend-elle des conditions de collecte, ces dernières variant considérablement entre les pays et les enquêtes ? Le dispositif présent dans la base de données Share permet d'étudier deux effets du mode de collecte : le placement de la question de santé déclarée dans le questionnaire et la formulation des modalités de réponse proposées. Les deux effets comptent : le niveau moyen de santé, la distribution des états de santé et les liens de la santé avec d'autres variables sont modifiés lorsque l'on change les conditions de collecte. L'effet de placement est homogène : dans tous les pays de l'échantillon, les individus déclarent en moyenne des niveaux de santé déclarée supérieurs après avoir répondu à un questionnaire détaillé portant sur leur état de santé réel, à ceux indiqués quand la question est posée avant. Les répondants semblent également accorder une plus grande importance à la dimension fonctionnelle de la santé mobilité et limitations quotidiennes, sociales et sensorielles lorsque la variable de santé déclarée se trouve après le questionnaire détaillé. La formulation des modalités de réponse proposées aux enquêtés modifie également la mesure de la santé auto-déclarée. Par exemple, la Suède apparaît comme le pays le plus sain (sur dix pays) avec une première formulation, alors qu'elle passe au cinquième rang avec une seconde. De plus, nous avons pu montrer que la formulation sélectionnée par la Rand Corporation dans le cadre de son questionnaire Short Form 36, généralisée depuis dans la plupart des questionnaires anglo-saxons, n'était pas plus discriminante, en termes de santé réelle, que la formulation généralement utilisée dans les questionnaires de santé d'Europe continentale. [ger] Erhebungsbedingungen und Eigenangaben zum Gesundheitszustand: eine Analyse europäischer Daten. Eigenangaben zum Gesundheitszustand "die häufigste Messung der Gesundheit in den Fragebögen "vermitteln ein verzerrtes Abbild des tatsächlichen Gesundheitszustands. Diese Verzerrungen lassen sich aber nur schwer isolieren und bewerten. Inwiefern hängen insbesondere die erhaltenen Informationen von den Erhebungsbedingungen ab, die je nach Land und Erhebung stark schwanken? Anhand der Informationen der Datenbank Share können zwei Effekte des Erhebungsverfahrens untersucht werden: Platzierung der Frage zum Gesundheitszustand im Fragebogen und Formulierung der vorgeschlagenen Antwortmodalitäten. Beide Effekte kommen zum Tragen: der durchschnittliche Gesundheitszustand, die Verteilung der Gesundheitszustände und die Beziehungen der Gesundheit zu anderen Variablen ändern sich, wenn andere Erhebungsbedingungen zur Anwendung kommen. Der Effekt der Platzierung ist homogen: in allen Ländern der Stichprobe geben die Individuen nach Beantwortung des detaillierten Fragebogens zu ihrem wirklichen Gesundheitszustand im Schnitt einen besseren Gesundheitszustand an, als wenn die Frage vorher gestellt wird. Zudem scheinen die Befragten der funktionellen Dimension der Gesundheit "Mobilität sowie tägliche, soziale und sensorische Einschränkungen "eine größere Bedeutung beizumessen, wenn die Variable zum Gesundheitszustand auf den detaillierten Fragebogen folgt. Auch die Formulierung der den Befragten vorgeschlagenen Antwortmodalitäten ändert die Messung des angegebenen Gesundheitszustands. Beispielsweise scheint Schweden nach einer ersten Formulierung das gesundeste Land (von zehn Ländern) zu sein, fällt aber bei einer zweiten Formulierung auf den fünften Platz zurück. Außerdem konnten wir feststellen, dass die von der Rand Corporation für ihren Fragebogen Short Form 36 gewählte Formulierung, die in den meisten angelsächsischen Fragebögen verwandt wird, im Hinblick auf die tatsächliche Gesundheit nicht diskriminierender ist als die in den kontinentaleuropäischen Gesundheitsfragebögen gewöhnlich enthaltene Formulierung. [eng] Collection Conditions and Self-Rated Health: an Analysis of European Data. Self-rated health, the most widespread measure of health in questionnaires, is merely a biased refl ection of real health. However, it is diffi cult to isolate and assess this bias. In particular, to what extent does the information collected depended on the collection conditions, given that these vary considerably between countries and surveys? The resources in the Share database enable us to analyse two collection method effects: the position of the rated health question in the questionnaire and the wording of the suggested response modalities. The two effects have an impact: the average level of health, the distribution of states of health and links between health and other variables are altered when the collection conditions are changed. The positioning effect is homogenous: in all countries in the sample, individuals on average give higher levels of rated health after . answering a detailed questionnaire focusing on their real state of health compared with the levels indicated when the question is asked beforehand. Respondents also seem to give greater importance to the functional dimension of health •mobility and everyday, social and sensorial restrictions •when the rated health variable is placed after the detailed questionnaire. The wording of the suggested response modalities also changes the measure of self-rated health. For example, Sweden appears to be the healthiest country (out of ten countries) using an initial wording, but moves down to fi fth place using a second. Moreover, we have shown that the wording chosen by the Rand Corporation for its Short Form 36 questionnaire, which has since been used in most questionnaires in English-speaking countries, was no more discriminating, in terms of real health, than the wording widely used in health questionnaires in continental Europe. [spa] Condiciones de recopilación y salud autodeclarada: un análisis sobre datos europeos. La salud autodeclarada, la medición de salud más extendida en los cuestionarios sólo es un refl ejo sesgado del estado real de la salud. Pero es difícil aislar y evaluar estos propósitos. En particular, ¿ en qué la información recogida depende de las condiciones de recopilación, puesto que éstas varían considerablemente entre los países y las encuestas? El dispositivo de la base de datos Share permite estudiar dos efectos del modo de recopilación: la colocación de la pregunta en el cuestionario y la formulación de las respuestas propuestas. Ambos efectos cuentan: el nivel medio de salud, la distribución de los estados de salud y los vínculos de la salud con otras variables se modifi can cuando se cambian las condiciones de recopilación. El efecto de la colocación es homogéneo: en todos los países del muestreo, los individuos declaran en promedio niveles de salud superiores después de haber respondido a un cuestionario detallado referido a su estado de salud real, a aquellos indicados cuando la pregunta se plantea antes. Asimismo, los encuestados parecen dar mayor importancia a la dimensión funcional de la salud "movilidad y limitaciones diarias, sociales y sensoriales-cuando la variable de salud declarada se encuentra después del cuestionario detallado. La formulación de las respuestas propuestas a los encuestados modifi ca así la medición de la salud autodeclarada. P. ej., Suecia aparece como el país más sano (entre diez países) con una 1 ª formulación, mientras que pasa al 5 º puesto con la 2 ª. Además, pudimos demostrar que la formulación seleccionada por la Rand Corporation en el marco de su cuestionario Short Form 36, generalizado desde hace tiempo en la mayoría de los cuestionarios anglo-sajones, no era más discriminante, en términos de salud real, que la formulación generalmente utilizada en los cuestionarios de salud del continente.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrew E. Clark & Augustin Vicard, 2007. "Conditions de collecte et santé subjective : une analyse sur données européennes," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 403(1), pages 143-163.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2007_num_403_1_7092
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2007.7092
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2007.7092
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fabrice Etilé & Carine Milcent, 2006. "Income‐related reporting heterogeneity in self‐assessed health: evidence from France," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 15(9), pages 965-981, September.
    2. Fabrice Etilé & Carine Milcent, 2006. "Income-related reporting heterogeneity in self-assessed health: evidence from France," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 15(9), pages 965-981.
    3. Crossley, Thomas F. & Kennedy, Steven, 2002. "The reliability of self-assessed health status," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(4), pages 643-658, July.
    4. Salim Lardjane & Paul Dourgnon, 2007. "Les comparaisons internationales d'état de santé subjectif sont-elles pertinentes ? Une évaluation par la méthode des vignettes-étalons," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 403(1), pages 165-177.
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    2. Garrouste, Christelle & Godefroy, Pascal & Laferrère, Anne, 2010. "Validating SHARE in France with other French surveys : health and income data," MPRA Paper 28736, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Jean-Luc Tavernier & Philippe Cuneo & Claire Plateau, 2015. "Measurement of Quality of Life and Well-Being in France: The Drivers of Subjective Well-Being," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 61(1), pages 25-33, March.
    4. Inés Berniell & Anne Laferrère & Pedro Mira & Elizaveta Pronkina, 2023. "Robinson Crusoe: less or more depressed? With whom and where to live in a pandemic if you are above 50," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 21(2), pages 435-459, June.

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