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Les configurations d'aide familiales mobilisées autour des personnes âgées dépendantes en Europe

Author

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  • Roméo Fontaine
  • Agnès Gramain
  • Jérôme Wittwer

Abstract

[fre] L'enquête Share permet d'étudier l'aide apportée par leurs enfants aux personnes dépendantes âgées d'au moins 65 ans, dans les pays d'Europe. Comment les comportements individuels s'articulent-ils pour donner lieu à des configurations familiales d'aide ? Deux modalités d'implication sont envisagées, selon que les enfants cohabitent ou non avec leur parent dépendant. La proportion de personnes âgées dépendantes recevant un soutien de leur entourage, sous une forme ou sous l'autre, est remarquablement homogène : de 79 % en Suède et aux Pays-Bas à 87 % en Italie. Dans les pays du Nord, la moindre cohabitation inter-générationnelle est en effet compensée par une aide plus fréquente des enfants non cohabitants. Dans les six pays étudiés ici, l'implication des enfants est plus forte lorsque le degré de dépendance du parent est plus élevé et lorsqu'il n'a pas de conjoint. Cependant, le gradient Nord-Sud se retrouve dans la manière dont les enfants s'adaptent à l'absence de conjoint auprès de leur parent dépendant : accroissement de la cohabitation des filles au Sud, accroissement de l'aide « à distance » des fils comme des filles au Nord. La présence d'un conjoint auprès du parent dépendant semble modifier les logiques d'implication des enfants. Si le parent dépendant bénéficie de l'aide de son conjoint l'implication des enfants relève de décisions individuelles conduisant à une probabilité de soutien croissante avec le nombre d'enfants. L'implication auprès des parents sans conjoint relèverait au contraire d'une logique de fratrie visant à leur assurer une probabilité de soutien identique quel que soit le nombre de leurs enfants. Dans les fratries de deux enfants dont le parent est seul, une interaction asymétrique se dessine entre les comportements de l'aîné et du cadet. En moyenne, l'implication du cadet dépendrait de celle de l'aîné (la probabilité de s'impliquer du cadet serait plus faible si l'aîné s'implique lui-même), mais non l'inverse. [ger] Konfigurationen der familiären Hilfen für pflegebedürftige ältere Menschen in Europa. Anhand der Erhebung Share lässt sich untersuchen, welche Hilfe die Kinder den pfl egebedürftigen älteren Menschen von mindestens 65 Jahren in den europäischen Ländern leisten. Welche individuellen Verhaltensweisen führen zu Konfi gurationen familiärer Hilfe? Zwei Arten der Unterstützung kommen in Betracht, je nach dem, ob die Kinder mit ihren pfl egebedürftigen Eltern zusammenleben oder nicht. Der Anteil der älteren pfl egebedürftigen Menschen, die von ihrer Umgebung in irgendeiner Form Hilfe erhalten, ist bemerkenswert homogen: von 79 % in Schweden und in den Niederlanden bis 87 % in Italien. In den nordeuropäischen Ländern wird das seltenere Zusammenleben verschiedener Generationen durch eine häufi gere Hilfe der Kinder kompensiert. In den sechs untersuchten Ländern ist die Unterstützung der Kinder größer, wenn der Grad der Pfl egebedürftigkeit des Elternteils höher ist oder letzterer ohne Ehepartner lebt. Allerdings spiegelt sich das Nord-Süd-Gefälle in der Art und Weise wider, in der die Kinder bei Fehlen des Ehepartners ihren pfl egebedürftigen Elternteil unterstützen: vermehrtes Zusammenleben der Töchter im Süden und Ausweitung der Hilfe "von Fern“ durch die Söhne wie auch die Töchter im Norden. Lebt der Ehepartner beim pfl egebedürftigen Elternteil, ändert sich die Unterstützungslogik der Kinder. Bei Unterstützung des pfl egebedürftigen Elternteils durch seinen Ehepartner hängt die Hilfe der Kinder von individuellen Entscheidungen ab, deren Wahrscheinlichkeit mit der Zahl der Kinder zunimmt. Die Unterstützung von Elternteilen ohne Ehepartner würde dagegen einer Geschwisterlogik folgen, die ihnen unabhängig von der Zahl ihrer Kinder eine gleichwertige Hilfe gewährleistet. Bei zwei Geschwistern, deren Elternteil allein lebt, ist eine asymmetrische Wechselwirkung zwischen den Verhaltensweisen des älteren und des jüngeren Kinds festzustellen. Im Schnitt würde die Unterstützung des jüngeren von derjenigen des älteren Kinds abhängen (die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Unterstützung durch das jüngere Kind ist geringer, wenn sich das ältere um die Eltern kümmert), aber nicht umgekehrt. [spa] La configuración de las ayudas familiares movilizadas entorno a los mayores dependientes en Europa . La encuesta Share permite estudiar la ayuda proporcionada por los hijos a las personas dependientes mayores de 65 años en los países europeos. ¿ Cómo se articulan los comportamientos individuales para dar lugar a confi guraciones familiares de ayuda? Existen dos modalidades de implicación según los hijos cohabiten o no con su progenitor dependiente. La proporción de personas mayores dependientes que reciben el apoyo de su entorno, bajo una forma u otra, es considerablemente homogénea: del 79 % en Suecia y en los Países Bajos al 87 % en Italia. En los países del norte, la menor cohabitación inter-generacional se compensa, en efecto, por una ayuda más frecuente de los hijos no cohabitantes. En los diez países estudiados, la implicación de los hijos es mayor cuando el grado de dependencia del progenitor es más elevado y cuando éste no tiene cónyuge. No obstante, el gradiente norte-sur se encuentra en la manera en qué los hijos se adaptan a la ausencia del cónyuge junto al progenitor dependiente: incremento de la cohabitación de las hijas al sur, incremento de la ayuda "a distancia” de los hijos e hijas al norte. La presencia de un cónyuge junto al progenitor dependiente parece modifi car la lógica de implicación de los hijos. Si el progenitor dependiente cuenta con la ayuda de su cónyuge, la implicación de los hijos depende de decisiones individuales que conlleva una probabilidad de apoyo creciente con el número de hijos. La implicación ante los progenitores sin cónyuge dependería, por el contrario, de una lógica de hermandad que pretenda garantizar una probabilidad de apoyo idéntica, independientemente del número de hijos. En las hermandades de dos hijos en que sólo queda un progenitor, se dibuja una interacción asimétrica entre los comportamientos del primogénito y del benjamín. En promedio, la implicación del menor dependería de la del mayor (la probabilidad de implicación del menor sería más baja si el mayor se implica él mismo), pero no la inversa. . . Agnès Wittwer [eng] Family Assistance Configurations for Dependent Older People in Europe. The Share survey allows us to analyse the assistance given by their children to dependent persons aged 65 and over in European countries. How is individual behaviour structured to give rise to family assistance frameworks? Two relationships are envisaged, according to whether children live with their dependent parent or not. The proportion of dependent older people receiving support from their entourage in one form or another is remarkably constant, ranging from 79% in Sweden and the Netherlands to 87% in Italy. In northern countries, the lower level of intergenerational cohabitation is offset by the more frequent assistance given by non-cohabiting children. In the six countries studied here, children’s involvement is greater when the degree of dependence of the parent is higher and when the parent has no spouse. However, the north-south divide is apparent in the way in which children adapt to their dependent parent’s lack of a spouse: increased cohabitation of female children in southern countries, increased •remote” assistance from male and female children in northern countries. The presence of a dependent parent’s spouse seems to change children’s involvement relationships. If the dependent parent receives assistance from his or her spouse, children’s involvement depends on individual decisions, leading to an increasing probability of support where the number of children is higher. Support for single parents on the other hand seems to be driven by a sibling logic where the probability that the parent will be supported is identical however many children there are. Where a single parent has two children, there is a difference between the behaviour of the elder child and the younger. On average, the involvement of the younger child seems to depend on that of the elder (the probability that the younger becomes involved seems to be lower if the elder becomes involved), but the reverse is not true.

Suggested Citation

  • Roméo Fontaine & Agnès Gramain & Jérôme Wittwer, 2007. "Les configurations d'aide familiales mobilisées autour des personnes âgées dépendantes en Europe," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 403(1), pages 97-115.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2007_num_403_1_7090
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2007.7090
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2007.7090
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    2. Thomas Barnay & Sandrine Juin, 2014. "Does care to dependent elderly people living at home increase their mental health?," TEPP Working Paper 2014-06, TEPP.
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    4. Pestieau, Pierre & Ponthiere, Gregory, 2016. "Long-term care and births timing," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 340-357.
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    6. Catherine Pollak & Nicolas Sirven, 2011. "The social economy of ageing : Job quality and pathways beyond the labour market in Europe," Post-Print halshs-00639928, HAL.
    7. Bonnet, Carole & Gobillon, Laurent & Laferrère, Anne, 2010. "The effect of widowhood on housing and location choices," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 94-108, June.
    8. Thomas Barnay & Carine Franc & Florence Jusot, 2015. "Introduction : La santé et les soins : prise en charge, déterminants sociaux, conséquences professionnelles," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 475(1), pages 17-29.
    9. Franck Bien & Arnold Chassagnon & Manuel Plisson, 2012. "Est-il rationnel de ne pas s'assurer contre la dépendance ?," PSE - Labex "OSE-Ouvrir la Science Economique" halshs-00754579, HAL.
    10. Thomas Barnay & Carine Franc & Florence Jusot, 2015. "Introduction générale. La santé et les soins : prise en charge, déterminants sociaux, conséquences professionnelles," Post-Print hal-02431053, HAL.
    11. Roméo Fontaine & Agnès Gramain & Jérôme Wittwer, 2009. "Providing care for an elderly parent: interactions among siblings?," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(9), pages 1011-1029, September.
    12. Barnay, Thomas & Juin, Sandrine, 2016. "Does home care for dependent elderly people improve their mental health?," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 149-160.
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    14. Franck Bien & Arnold Chassagnon & Manuel Plisson, 2011. "Est-il rationnel de ne pas s'assurer contre la dépendance ?," Revue française d'économie, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(4), pages 161-199.
    15. Agnès Gramain & Jérôme Wittwer, 2010. "Prise en charge des personnes âgées dépendantes : quels enjeux économiques ?," Post-Print halshs-00705568, HAL.
    16. Bonnet, Carole & Gobillon, Laurent & Laferrère, Anne, 2010. "The effect of widowhood on housing and location choices," Journal of Housing Economics, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 94-108, June.

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