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Les sept premières années de vie active des jeunes non diplômés : la place des mesures publiques pour l'emploi

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  • Céline Gasquet
  • Valérie Roux

Abstract

[fre] En 1998, 116 000 jeunes ont quitté le système éducatif sans diplôme. Dans un contexte d'accroissement général des niveaux de formation, ces jeunes ont plus de difficulté que les autres à trouver un emploi. Un sur trois s'insère néanmoins rapidement et durablement dans un emploi. Pour les autres, le processus d'insertion s'avère plus long : il dépasse très largement les trois premières années sur le marché du travail. Souffrant d'un manque de qualification, confrontés à la concurrence des plus diplômés ou aux réticences des employeurs, ces jeunes ont alors souvent recours aux mesures de la politique de l'emploi qui leur sont destinées. Plus de quatre jeunes non diplômés sur dix ont ainsi bénéficié d'une formation, d'un contrat en alternance, d'un contrat emploi solidarité ou d'un emploi jeune durant leurs sept premières années de vie active et pour 16 % des non diplômés cette expérience est même fortement structurante de ces premières années sur le marché du travail. Plus que par le passé ces passages par les dispositifs publics peuvent intervenir plusieurs années après la sortie du système éducatif. Ils s'inscrivent dans des trajectoires extrêmement variées : en particulier, ils ne sont pas forcément associés à la précarité puisque plus d'un jeune non diplômé sur quatre qui en a bénéficié connaît un parcours professionnel relativement stable. Néanmoins quatre fois sur dix les mesures se combinent avec des contrats à durée déterminée ou du chômage et une fois sur dix elles apparaissent dans des trajectoires marquées par l'inactivité. [spa] En 1998, 116.000 jóvenes han salido del sistema educativo sin diploma. En un contexto de crecimiento general de los niveles de formación, estos jóvenes tienen más difi cultades que los demás para encontrar trabajo. No obstante, uno de cada tres se integra rápida y establemente en un empleo. Para los demás, el proceso de inserción resulta más largo: supera en mucho los tres primeros años el mercado del trabajo. Estos jóvenes, que carecen de califi cación, se ven confrontados a la competencia de los más diplomados o a las reticencias de los empresarios. Entonces, a menudo, recurren a las medidas de la política del empleo que pueden incumbirles. Así, en Francia, más de cuatro jóvenes no diplomados de cada diez se han benefi ciado de una formación, un contrato en alternancia, un contrato «emploi solidarité» o «emploi jeune» (subvencionados por el Gobierno) durante sus siete primeros años de vida activa. Para el 16 % de los no diplomados, esta experiencia es aun muy estructuradora de estos primeros años en el mercado laboral. Más que antaño, estos pasos por los dispositivos públicos pueden intervenir varios años después de la salida del sistema educativo. Se inscriben en trayectorias sumamente diversas: en particular, no signifi can obligatoriamente precariedad ya que más de un joven de cada cuatro, no diplomado y benefi ciario de este tipo de programa, conoce un recorrido profesional relativamente estable. No obstante, cuatro veces de cada diez, se combinan estas medidas en contratos de duración defi nida o desempleo, y una vez de cada diez aparecen en trayectorias marcadas por la inactivadad. Los siete primeros años de la vida activa de los jóvenes sin diploma: la importancia de las medidas públicas para el empleo [ger] Im Jahre 1998 verließen 116 000 Jugendliche die Ausbildungsstätten ohne Abschluss. Aufgrund des generellen Anstiegs des Ausbildungsniveaus haben diese Jugendlichen mehr Schwierigkeiten als die anderen, eine Beschäftigung zu fi nden. Jedem dritten Jugendlichen gelingt es dennoch, sich rasch und dauerhaft ins Erwerbsleben zu integrieren. Bei den anderen dauert die Eingliederung länger: weit über die ersten drei Jahre ab Eintritt in den Arbeitsmarkt hinaus. Diese Jugendlichen, die ein Ausbildungsdefi zit haben und mit der Konkurrenz ihrer besser ausgebildeten Altersgenossen oder den Vorbehalten der Arbeitgeber konfrontiert sind, nehmen dann oftmals die für sie bestimmten beschäftigungspolitischen Maßnahmen in Anspruch. Mehr als vier Jugendliche ohne Abschluss von zehn profi tierten so in den ersten sieben Jahren ihres Erwerbslebens von einer Ausbildung oder einer ABM-Maßnahme; und für 16% der Jugendlichen ohne Abschluss war diese Erfahrung der ersten Jahre am Arbeitsmarkt sogar sehr strukturierend. Mehr als in der Vergangenheit werden solche öffentlichen Maßnahmen mehrere Jahre lang nach Verlassen der Ausbildungsstätten in Anspruch genommen. Sie decken äußerst unterschiedliche Situationen ab. Insbesondere sind sie nicht unbedingt im Zusammenhang mit einem Prekariat zu sehen, da mehr als jeder vierte Jugendliche, der solche Maßnahmen nutzte, eine relativ stabile Berufslaufbahn kennt. Allerdings gehen solche Maßnahmen in vier von zehn Fällen mit befristeten Arbeitsverträgen oder Arbeitslosigkeit einher; in jedem zehnten Fall betreffen sie die Erwerbslosigkeit. Die ersten sieben Berufsjahre der Jugendlichen ohne Abschluss: Bedeutung der öffentlichen Beschäftigungsmaßnahmen [eng] In 1998, 116,000 young people left education without qualifi cations. In the context of a general rise in the level of education, these young people have more diffi culty fi nding a job than their qualifi ed counterparts. Although one in three quickly fi nds long-term employment, the others spend their fi rst three years and beyond in the labour market looking for employment. These young people, lacking qualifi cations and faced with the competition of highly-qualifi ed people or the reluctance of employers to employ them, often turn to the Government employment measures designed to help them. More than four in ten young people without qualifi cations have benefi ted from training, a contrat en alternance (paid apprenticeship contract), a contrat emploi solidarité (solidarity employment contract) or an emploi jeune (youth insertion job) during the fi rst seven years of their working life, and for 16% of young people without qualifi cations these measures greatly structure their fi rst few years in the labour market. Young people are today turning to these Government employment measures several years after they have left education more often than before. These measures are not necessarily associated with precarious employment, since more than one in four young people without qualifi cations who have benefi ted from them have been in relatively stable employment. Nevertheless, four times out of ten the young people who benefi t from these measures are on fi xed-term contracts or are unemployed, and one time out of ten the young person is economically inactive. The First Seven Years of Working Life of Young People without Qualifi cations: State Employment Measures

Suggested Citation

  • Céline Gasquet & Valérie Roux, 2006. "Les sept premières années de vie active des jeunes non diplômés : la place des mesures publiques pour l'emploi," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 400(1), pages 17-43.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2006_num_400_1_7109
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2006.7109
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2006.7109
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    References listed on IDEAS

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