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Ralentissement de la productivité et réallocations d'emplois : deux régimes de croissance

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  • Bruno Crépon
  • Richard Duhautois

Abstract

[fre] Ralentissement de la productivité et réallocations d’emplois: deux régimes de croissance . . On rapproche l’évolution de la productivité de l’évolution de l’emploi, au cours de deux périodes de croissance soutenue (1987-1990 et 1996-1999). Cette comparaison est effectuée à partir de données individuelles d’entreprises, en distinguant la contribution à l’évolution de la productivité des entreprises présentes au cours de chacune des périodes (entreprises pérennes) de celle des créations/ disparitions. La productivité du travail augmente deux fois moins vite à la fin des années 1990 qu’à la fin des années 1980. Ce ralentissement est moins marqué dans le cas de la productivité globale des facteurs (PGF). Sur la seconde période, cette moindre croissance repose essentiellement sur les entreprises pérennes: ces dernières contribuent à l’augmentation de la productivité par les changements qualitatifs et quantitatifs survenus à l’intérieur de chaque unité quant à l’utilisation des facteurs (composante dite «intra» de l’évolution de la productivité), aussi bien que par les réallocations de facteurs entre entreprises. En revanche, la part de l’augmentation de la productivité imputable aux créations/ disparitions d’entreprise a légèrement reculé d’une période à l’autre, du fait d’une baisse de la contribution des créations. Enfin, dans le même temps, le taux de croissance nette de l’emploi a baissé du fait d’un tassement des créations brutes d’emplois plus marqué que celui des destructions. Cette évolution s’explique principalement par un recul de l’impact des créations d’entreprises sur les créations brutes d’emplois, et par de moindres destructions d’emplois de la part des entreprises pérennes. Cet enrichissement en emplois de la croissance donnerait un caractère davantage «smithien» que «schumpéterien» à la croissance française. [spa] Ralentización de la productividad y nuevos repartos de empleos: dos regímenes de crecimiento . . Se comparan aquí la evolución de la productividad y la del empleo durante dos periodos de fuerte crecimiento (1987-1990 y 1996-1999). Esta comparación se lleva a cabo mediante unos datos individuales de empresas, distinguiendo la contribución a la evolución de la productividad de las empresas presentes en cada periodo (empresas perennes) de la de las creaciones/ desapariciones. La productividad laboral aumenta mitad menos a fines de los noventa que a fines de los ochenta. Esa ralentización se da con menos intensidad en el caso de la productividad global de los factores (PGF). En el periodo siguiente, ese menor crecimiento descansa esencialmente en las empresas perennes: éstas contribuyen al aumento de la productividad por los cambios cualitativos y cuantitativos acaecidos dentro de cada unidad en cuanto a la utilización de los factores (componente llamada «intra» de la evolución de la productividad), así como por los nuevos repartos de factores entre empresas. En cambio, la cuota del aumento de la productividad debida a las creaciones/ desapariciones de empresa ha bajado levemente de un periodo a otro, pues ha bajado la contribución de las creaciones. En fin, al mismo tiempo, la tasa de crecimiento neto del empleo ha bajado debido a un estancamiento de las creaciones brutas de empleos mayor que el de las destrucciones. Esta evolución se explica esencialmente por una disminución del impacto de las creaciones de empresas sobre las creaciones brutas de empleos, y por menores destrucciones de empleos de parte de las empresas perenes. Este enriquecimiento en empleos del crecimiento le daría un carácter más «smithiano» que «schumpeteriano» al crecimiento francés. [ger] Rückgang der Produktivität und Beschäftigungsreallokationen: zwei Wachstumssysteme . . Für zwei Perioden kräftigen Wachstums (1987-1990 und 1996-1999) werden die Entwicklung der Produktivität und die Entwicklung der Beschäftigung einander gegenübergestellt. Angestellt wird dieser Vergleich anhand individueller Unternehmensdaten, wobei zwischen dem Beitrag der in jedem dieser Zeiträume präsenten Unternehmen (existierende Unternehmen) zur Entwicklung der Produktivität und demjenigen der neu gegründeten bzw. aufgelösten Unternehmen unterschieden wird. Ende der 1990er Jahre nahm die Arbeitsproduktivität nur halb so schnell zu wie Ende der 1980er Jahre. Bei der globalen Faktorenproduktivität ist diese Verlangsamung weniger spürbar. Im zweiten Zeitraum wird dieses langsamere Wachstum hauptsächlich von den existierenden Unternehmen getragen: denn diese tragen zum Anstieg der Produktivität bei durch qualitative und quantitative Veränderungen innerhalb jeder Einheit bei der Faktorenbenutzung (so genannte «interne» Komponente der Produktivitätsentwicklung) wie auch durch die Reallokationen von Faktoren zwischen Unternehmen. Dagegen nahm der Anteil des Anstiegs der Produktivität infolge der Gründung/ Auflösung von Unternehmen zwischen diesen beiden Zeiträumen leicht ab, da der Beitrag der Gründungen rückläufig war. Im gleichen Zeitraum ging das Nettowachstum der Beschäftigung zurück, da die Bruttoschaffung von Arbeitsplätzen stärker rückläufig war als der Abbau von Arbeitsplätzen. Zurückzuführen ist diese Entwicklung hauptsächlich darauf, dass die Unternehmensgründungen weniger Auswirkungen auf die Bruttoschaffung von Arbeitsplätzen hatten und die existierenden Unternehmen weniger Arbeitsplätze abbauten. Die Beschäftigungswirksamkeit des Wachstums würde dem französischen Wachstum eher einen «Smithschen» als einen «Schumpeterschen» Charakter verleihen. [eng] Slowdown in Productivity and Job Reallocation: Two Growing Trends . . Growth in productivity is compared with growth in employment over two periods of steady growth (1987-1990 and 1996-1999). The comparison is made using individual business data with a differentiation between the contribution of businesses operating in both peiods (enduring businesses) to growth in productivity and the contribution of start-ups/ disappearances. Labour productivity rose half as fast in the late 1990s as in the late 1980s. This slowdown was less marked in the case of total factor productivity (TFP). In the second period, this lower growth was due essentially to the enduring businesses, which contributed to the increase in productivity by means of qualitative and quantitative changes to the use of factors within each unit (“ intra” component of productivity growth) and by means of reallocations of factors between businesses. However, the proportion of the productivity increase due to business start-ups/ disappearances fell slightly from one period to the next due to a decrease in the contribution of start-ups. At the same time, the net employment growth rate dropped due to a sharper fall in gross job creations than in destructions. This can be explained mainly by a softening of the effect of business start-ups on gross job creations and by enduring businesses axing fewer jobs. This growth richer in jobs would lend a more "Smithian” than •Schumpeterian” nature to French growth.

Suggested Citation

  • Bruno Crépon & Richard Duhautois, 2003. "Ralentissement de la productivité et réallocations d'emplois : deux régimes de croissance," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 367(1), pages 69-82.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2003_num_367_1_7307
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2003.7307
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2003.7307
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    2. Paul-Antoine Chevalier & Rémy Lecat & Nicholas Oulton, 2008. "Convergence de la productivité des entreprises, mondialisation, technologies de l’information et concurrence," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 419(1), pages 101-124.

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