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L'Asie du Sud-Est : quelles perspectives de croissance à moyen terme ?

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  • Jean-Marc Germain
  • Stéphanie Guichard

Abstract

[spa] El sureste asiâtico : que perspectivas de crecimiento a medio plazo? . Los pafses del Asia oriental atraviesan en la actualidad por una crisis profunda. Sin embargo, viene todavia al caso la cuestiôn de sus perspectivas de crecimiento a medio plazo. El modelo neoclâsico aumentado del capital humano parece ser el marco de referencia pertinente para semejante anâlisis. Da cuenta de manera bastante satisfactoria del crecimiento pasado de los Nuevos Pafses Industrializados (NPI), de Malasia, Tailandia e Indonesia. Permite subrayar el papel decisivo de los factores demogréficos, y también de la educaciôn y del ahorro en la fijaciôn del potencial de crecimiento de cada economfa. Este enfoque puede dar una idea del potencial de crecimiento de los pafses de esa zona en los prôximos decenios, ya superadas las dificultades actuales. Segûn este enfoque, los pafses asiâticos deben'an alcanzar el nivel de vida de los pafses desarrollados. Pero el nivel de recuperaciôn podrfa disminuir progresivamente, en especial para los NPI. Las economfas mâs dinâmicas se hallarfan entre los pafses de la ASEAN, la India y China : estos pafses representarfan mâs de dos veces el PIB americano en el 2030 contra menos del cuarto en 1990. En términos de renta per capita, seguirfan sin embargo atrasados. Este crecimiento se acompafïarfa de una modificaciôn de las especializaciones de estos pafses y de los intercambios dentro de la zona : salida al escenario de socios comerciales caracterizados por decenios aun por bajos salarios (China, ASEAN, la India) y aumento de los flujos comerciales internos asiâticos que ocuparân un espacio creciente dentro de los flujos mundiales. [ger] Die mittelfristigen Wachstumsperspektiven Sùdostasiens . Die ostasiatischen Lander stecken derzeit in einer tiefen Krise. UngewiBheit herrscht jedoch nach wie vor ùber ihre mittelfristigen Wachstumsperspektiven. Fur eine solche Analyse scheint das neoklassische Modell unter Einbeziehung des Humankapitals der relevante Bezugsrahmen zu sein. Denn es gibt auf recht zufriedenstellende Weise Auskunft ûber das Wachstum, das Schweilenlânder wie Malaysia, Thailand und Indonésien in der Vergangenheit kannten. Mit ihm làBt sich die entscheidende Rolle der demographischen Faktoren, aber auch und vor allem der Ausbildung und der Spartâtigkeit bei der Ermittlung des Wachstumspotentials einer jeden Volkswirtschaft aufzeigen. Somit kann dieser Ansatz einige Anhaltspunkte ùber das Wachstumspotential liefern, das die Lânder in dieser Region, nachdem sie ihre derzeitigen Schwierigkeiten ûberwunden haben, in den kommenden Jahrzehnten aufweisen. . Aus dieser Analyse geht hervor, dalB die asiatischen Lânder ihren Rùckstand, den sie hinsichtlich ihres Lebensstandards gegenùber den entwickelten Lândern haben, aller Voraussicht nach auch weiterhin aufholen. Allerdings kônnte sich das Tempo dieses Aufholprozesses allmâhlich verlangsamen, insbesondere in den Schwellenlândern. Die dynamischsten Volkswirtschaften wàren in den ASEAN-Làndern, in Indien und in China anzutreffen; denn sie wûrden im Jahre 2030 fur sich alleine mehr als zwei Drittel des amerikanischen BIP erwirtschaften, wàhrend es 1990 weniger als ein Viertel war. Was das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen anbetrifft, so wùrden dièse Lânder allerdings nach wie vor einen deutlichen Rùckstand verzeichnen. Dieses Wachstum wùrde mit einer Neuspezialisierung dieser Lander und Verânderungen beim Gùteraustausch innerhalb dieser Region einhergehen: Aufkommen von Handelspartnern, die sich noch jahrzehntelang durch Niedriglôhne auszeichnen werden (China, ASEAN, Indien) und Zunahme der innerasiatischen Handelsstrôme, die im Welthandel einen immer grôBeren Platz einnehmen werden. [eng] South-East Asia: Medium-Term Growth Prospects . The East Asian countries are in the midst of a severe financial crisis. Yet the question of their medium-term growth prospects remains open. A pertinent frame of reference for such an analysis would appear to be the neoclassical model with an added human capital parameter. It gives a fairly satisfactory explanation of past growth in the Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs), Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. It highlights the decisive role of demographic factors and, more importantly, of education and savings in determining the growth potential of each economy. This approach can therefore provide some rough estimates of the growth potential of the countries in this area over the coming decades, once they have overcome their present problems. The findings of this approach are that the standard of living in the developed countries. However, the pace at which it catches up may gradually slow down, especially in the NICs. The most buoyant economies are expected be found in the ASEAN countries, India and China. The combined GDP of these countries alone, should be more than double American GDP by 2030, as opposed to less than one-quarter in 1 990. However, they will probably still lag far behind in per capita income. This growth is expected to go hand in hand with a shift in these countries' specialisations and trade within the area: a growing role for trading partners offering low wage costs for decades to come (China, ASEAN and India) and an intensification of intra-Asian trade flows, which will account for a growing proportion of world trade flows. [fre] L'Asie du Sud-Est : quelles perpectives de croissance à moyen terme ? . Les pays d'Asie du Sud-Est traversent actuellement une crise profonde. La question de leurs perspectives de croissance à moyen terme reste cependant ouverte. Le modèle néoclassique augmenté du capital humain apparaît comme le cadre de référence pertinent pour une telle analyse. Il rend compte d'une manière assez satisfaisante de la croissance passée des Nouveaux Pays Industrialisés (NPI), de la Malaisie, de la Thaïlande et de l'Indonésie. Il permet de souligner le rôle décisif des facteurs démographiques, mais aussi et surtout de l'éducation et de l'épargne dans la détermination du potentiel de croissance de chaque économie. Cette approche peut donc fournir quelques ordres de grandeur du potentiel de croissance des pays de cette zone dans les prochaines décennies, une fois surmontées leurs difficultés actuelles. . Selon cette approche, les pays d'Asie devraient continuer de rattraper le niveau de vie des pays développés. Le rythme de ce rattrapage pourrait néanmoins ralentir progressivement, en particulier dans les NPI. Les économies les plus dynamiques se rencontreraient dans les pays de l'ASEAN, l'Inde et la Chine : ils représenteraient à eux seuls plus de deux fois le PIB américain en 2030 contre moins du quart en 1 990. En termes de revenu par tête, ils resteraient toutefois encore nettement en retard. Cette croissance s'accompagnerait d'une modification des spécialisations de ces pays et des échanges à l'intérieur de la zone : montée sur le devant de la scène de partenaires commerciaux caractérisés pour des décennies encore par de bas salaires (Chine, ASEAN, Inde) et intensification des flux commerciaux internes à l'Asie qui occuperont une place croissante dans les flux d'échanges mondiaux.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Marc Germain & Stéphanie Guichard, 1998. "L'Asie du Sud-Est : quelles perspectives de croissance à moyen terme ?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 311(1), pages 3-36.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1998_num_311_1_2605
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1998.2605
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1998.2605
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    1. Françoise Lemoine & Sophie Chauvin, 2005. "L’économie indienne : changements structurels et perspectives à long-terme," Working Papers 2005-04, CEPII research center.
    2. Patricia Guiguet & Jean-Christophe Simon, 1999. "La gestion de l'emploi, obstacle à un nouveau régime de croissance en Asie du Sud-Est," Revue Tiers Monde, Programme National Persée, vol. 40(158), pages 355-376.

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