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Mobilité professionnelle et salaire : des différences entre hommes et femmes

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  • Véronique Simonnet

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[fre] Mobilité professionnelle et salaire : des différences entre hommes et femmes . Les dix à quinze premières années de carrière ne présentent pas la même rentabilité, sur le plan du salaire, pour les hommes et pour les femmes. Même quand leurs diplômes sont comparables, leurs débuts de carrière le sont rarement - carrière étant entendue comme la succession d'épisodes plus ou moins longs d'emploi, dans une même entreprise ou non. . Au sein d'une même entreprise, les changements de postes sont valorisés chez les hommes, car assimilés à une accumulation de capital humain spécifique, alors qu'une trop grande mobilité interne pénalise les femmes. A contrario, une forte mobilité inter-entreprise est rentable pour ces dernières, pas pour les hommes. Le seul profil . de carrière efficient pour les deux sexes est celui du job matching : il consiste à expérimenter le travail dans plusieurs entreprises au début de la vie active avant de se stabiliser dans l'une d'entre elles, la plus favorable à la progression des salaires. . Au total, les écarts de salaire entre un homme et une femme titulaires de diplômes comparables et de même expérience effective ne s'expliquent ni par une différence dans la rentabilité des études ni par des effets sectoriels ou régionaux. Ils s'expliquent par des parcours professionnels différents, une rentabilité de chacun de ces parcours inégale entre les sexes et une discrimination toujours importante. [eng] Professional Mobility and Wage: Differences between Men and Women . Wage performance during the first ten to fifteen years of a career is not the same for men as for women. Even when their qualifications are comparable, the starts of their careers rarely correspond. Career here is defined as the series of more or less long periods of employment in the same or different firms. . In a given firm, men gain from changing position as such changes are equated with specific human capital accumulation, whereas too much in-house mobility penalizes women. Conversely, high mobility between firms is profitable for women, but not for men. Job matching is the only efficient career path for both sexes. This consists of trying out jobs in a number of firms at the beginning of working life before settling in one that is most favourable to wage increases. . In sum, the deviations between the wages of men and women with equivalent qualifications and the same working experience can be explained neither by a difference in the return on studies nor by sectorial or regional effects. They have to do with career paths, which are not always chosen and present uneven profitability, and still-considerable discrimination. [ger] Berufsmobilitât und Lohn: Unterschiede zwischen Mânnern und Frauen . In den ersten zehn bis fùnfzehn Berufsjahren weisen Manner und Frauen hinsichtlich der Lôhne und Gehâlter nicht die gleiche Rentabilitât auf. Einem vergleichbaren AusbildungsabschluB entspricht nur selten auch ein vergleichbarer Laufbahnbeginn, wobei unter Laufbahn die Aufeinanderfolge mehr oder weniger langer Beschâfti- gungszeitrâume in denselben oder auch in anderen Untemehmen zu verstehen ist. . Der Arbeitsplatzwechsel innerhalb ein 'und desselben Unternehmens hat bei Mânnern einen positiven EinfluB auf die berufliche Laufbahn, da er einer Anhâufung von besonderem Humankapital gleichgestellt wird, wâhrend eine allzu groBe innerbetriebliche Mobilitât die Frauen benachteiligt. Dagegen lohnt sich eine groBe zwischenbe- triebliche Mobilitât fur die Frauen, nicht aber fur die Manner. Das einzige Laufbahnprofil, das fur beide Geschlechter . Vorteile bringt, ist das des job matching: dieses besteht darin, zu Beginn des Erwerbslebens in mehreren Untemehmen Erfahrung zu sammeln, um danach in demjenigen, das die besten Voraussetzungen fur einen Lohnanstieg bietet, zu verbleiben. . Insgesamt lassen sich die Lohn- und Gehaltsunterschiede zwischen Mânnern und Frauen, die vergleichbare Ausbildungsabschlùsse besitzen und ùber die gleiche Berufserfahrung verfùgen, weder durch einen Unter- schied hinsichtlich der Effizienz der Ausbildung noch durch sektorale oder régionale Effekte erklàren. Sie sind vielmehr auf die Karriereprofile, die nicht immer frei gewâhlt werden und eine unterschiedliche Entlohnung aufweisen, sowie auf eine immer noch groBe Diskrimi- nierung zurûckzufùhren. [spa] Movilidad profesional y salario : unas diferencias entre hombres y mujeres . Los diez y quince primeras anos de carrera no ofrecen la misma rentabilidad, a nivel de salario, para los hombres y para las mujeres. Incluso cuando son equiparables sus diplomas, pocas veces lo son sus inicios de carrera - por carrera se entiende una sucesiôn de episodios mâs o menos largos de empleo, en una misma empresa o no. . Dentro de una misma empresa, los cambios de puestos se valoran para los hombres por asimilar aquellos a una acumulaciôn de capital humano especffico, cuando al contrario una movilidad interna demasiado grande penaliza a las mujeres. A la inversa, una fuerte movilidad interempresa es rentable para estas y no para los . hombres. El ûnico perfil de carrera eficiente para ambos sexos es el delyob matching que consiste en experimentar el trabajo en varias empresas al principio de la vida activa antes de estabilizarse en una de ellas, la mâs favorable para la progresiôn de los salarios. . En resumen, las diferencias de salario entre un hombre y una mujer con tîtulos equiparables y una misma experiencia efectiva no se explican ni por una diferencia en la rentabilidad de los estudios ni por unos efectos sectoriales o régionales, sino por los perfiles de carrera, que no siempre se eligen y cuya rentabilidad es desigual, asf como por una discriminaciôn que sigue importante.

Suggested Citation

  • Véronique Simonnet, 1996. "Mobilité professionnelle et salaire : des différences entre hommes et femmes," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 299(1), pages 59-71.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1996_num_299_1_6162
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1996.6162
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1996.6162
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xin Meng & Dominique Meurs, 2001. "Différences de structure des emplois et écart salarial entre hommes et femmes en France," Economie & Prévision, La Documentation Française, vol. 148(2), pages 113-126.
    2. Coralie Perez, 1999. "L'expérience professionnelle des jeunes : difficultés de mesure, multiples modes d'acquisition," Working Papers halshs-00714412, HAL.
    3. Anne-Marie Daune-Richard & Pierre Béret & Arnaud Dupray & Christine Fournier & Stéphanie Moullet, 2002. "Les disparités de carrières des hommes et des femmes : accès à l'emploi, mobilités et salaires," Working Papers halshs-00005795, HAL.
    4. Sajjad Haider Bhatti & Jean Bourdon & Muhammad Aslam, 2013. "Economic Returns to Education in France: OLS and Instrumental Variable Estimations," Lahore Journal of Economics, Department of Economics, The Lahore School of Economics, vol. 18(2), pages 51-63, July-Dec.
    5. Dominique Meurs & Sophie Ponthieux, 2000. "Une mesure de la discrimination dans l'écart de salaire entre hommes et femmes," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 337(1), pages 135-158.

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