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Primes de risque et politique monétaire

Author

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  • Olivier Davanne
  • Joël Dessaint
  • Thierry Francq

Abstract

[fre] Depuis la fin 1988 et jusqu'à la crise du Golfe, la courbe des taux s'est inversée, les taux d'intérêt à court terme devenant en France supérieurs aux taux longs. Ce phénomène, peu fréquent depuis la seconde guerre mondiale, peut provenir d'anticipations à la baisse des taux d'intérêt à court terme. En effet, si cette baisse se produit, le placement long à taux fixe peut s'avérer plus rémunérateur qu'un placement court renouvelé à plusieurs reprises. . Cet article insiste sur un autre facteur déterminant la courbe des taux : la prime de risque. Celle-ci dépend des risques perçus par les investisseurs sur les différents types de placements : le plus souvent on considère les placements longs comme plus risqués, ce qui justifie leur rendement plus élevé. Mais cette hiérarchie des risques n'est pas systématique : à la condition cruciale que l'incertitude sur l'inflation soit modérée, un placement long à taux fixe offre sur longue période l'avantage d'une rémunération moins incertaine qu'une succession de placements courts. Or, la période récente s'est caractérisée dans la plupart des pays par une crédibilité anti-inflationniste exceptionnelle des politiques monétaires, et donc par un faible risque pour les investissements à long terme et à taux fixe : ceci peut expliquer un faible niveau des taux longs face aux taux courts. . L'inversion de la courbe des taux, ou leur faible pente, a ainsi résulté pour partie d'une baisse de la prime de risque sur les placements à long terme. Sous réserve que la crise du Golfe n'affecte pas les perspectives d'inflation à long terme, cette baisse devrait s'avérer durable. Une telle conclusion n'est pas sans conséquence sur la structure de financement de l'économie, qui devrait faire, selon toute vraisemblance, une plus grande part aux emprunts longs à taux fixe dans les années à venir. [eng] Risk Premium and Money Policy - During the period late 1988 to the Gulf crisis, interest rate trends were reversed and short-term rates became higher in France then long-term ones. This phenomenon, which has not often occurred since the Second World War, may be due to expectations of a drop in short-term interest rates. If these expectations come true, long-term investment with a fixed rate may turn out to be more profitable then a series of short-term investments. . The present article insists on another factor which determines interest rate trends, that is, the risk premium. The latter depend on the risks perceived by investors for their various types of investment : long-term investment is usually deemed more risky, which justifies its higher profitability, but, in some cases, the risk of an investment with a fixed rate — which especially depends on long-term inflation — may seem less than that of a series of short-term investments which provide uncertain returns. Thus, since most countries have lately benefited from exceptional anti- inflationist credibility, long-term investors with a fixed interest rate have taken few risks : this may explain why long- term rates are lower than short-terms ones. . Hence, the reversal of interest rate trends, or their slow evolution, was partially caused by a drop in the risk premium paid for long-term investment. Unless the Gulf crisis affects long-term inflation prospects, this drop should continue. Such a conclusion would have an effect on the financing structure of the economy which should rely more on long-term loans with a fixed rate in the years to come. [spa] Plus de riesgo y politica monetaria - Desde el fin de 1988 hasta la crisis del Golfo, las tasas de interés a corto plazo, en Francia, son superiores a las tasas a largo plazo. Este fenómeno poco frecuente desde la segunda guerra mundial puede provenir de anticipaciones con tendencia a la baja de las tasas de interés a corto plazo. Efectivamente, si estas anticipaciones se realizen, la inversion a largo plazo y a una tasa fija puede resultar más remunerativa que una inversión a corto plazo que pueda renovarse en repetidas ocasiones. . El precente artículo insiste en otro factor que determina la curba de las tasas : el plus de riesgo. Este depende de los riesgos que corren los inversores en los diferentes tipos de inversión : frecuentemente las inversiones a largo plazo se consideran más arriesgadas, lo que justifica su rendimiento más elevado pero en ciertos casos el riesgo de una inversión a tasa fija (que dépende en particular de la inflación a largo plazo) puede parecer menos tante que el de una serie de inversiones a corto plazo que ofrece una remuneración incierta. Así, el período reciente se caracterizó, en la mayoría de los países, por una credibilidad antiinflacionaria exceptional y per consiguiente por un escaso riesgo para el inversor a largo plazo y a tasa fija. Esto puede justificar un nivel bajo de las tasas a largo plazo frente a las tasas a corto plazo. . La inversión registrada en la curba de las tasas o su escaso declive résultó en parte de una baja del plus de riesgo en las inversiones a largo plazo. Manteniendo en reserva el hecho de que la crisis del Golfo no afecte las perspectivas de inflación a largo plazo, esta baja debería considerarse como durable. Tal conclusión no esta desprovista de consecuencias en la estructura del financiamiento de la economía que debería acordar una mayor importancia a los empréstitos a largo plazo y a tasa fija en los años venideros.

Suggested Citation

  • Olivier Davanne & Joël Dessaint & Thierry Francq, 1990. "Primes de risque et politique monétaire," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 236(1), pages 7-23.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1990_num_236_1_5489
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1990.5489
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1990.5489
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Engle, Robert F & Lilien, David M & Robins, Russell P, 1987. "Estimating Time Varying Risk Premia in the Term Structure: The Arch-M Model," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 55(2), pages 391-407, March.
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    1. Georges Prat, 1992. "Anticipations, prime de terme et maturité du titre long : que nous enseignent les données séculaires sur la structure des taux d'intérêt ? États-Unis de 1873 à 1975," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 43(6), pages 1037-1070.

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