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Chômage et sous-emploi dans les DOM

Author

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  • Hervé Domenach
  • Jean-Pierre Guengant

Abstract

[spa] Desempleo y subempleo en los DOM - Los problemas de empleo en los Departamentos de Ultramar no están limitados tan solo al desempleo. Hay que anadirle el subempleo, es decir las escasas duraciones laborales de algunos activos, ola cobranza de insuficientes remuneraciones. Por su parte, el desempleo, en el estricto significado de la palabra, es muy elevado en los DOM : entre un 25 y un 30 % de la población activa en Martinica, Guadalupe y Reunion, según encuestas sobre empleo específicas llevadas a cabo en el propio terreno, aproximadamente un 15 % en Guayana. Se señala por cuatro características principales : juventud de los que buscan un empleo (los dos tercios cuentan menos de 25 años); duración media de la búsqueda sumamente larga (dos años aproximadamente); anhelo de empleos asalariados estables y remunerativos muy escasos; pero, no obstante, ante esta escasez de oferta, desánimo de los desempleados, lo que les impulsa a declarar estar dispuestos a aceptar un trabajo cualquiera. El subempleo afecta a muy numerosos activos : de cada diez tres, más o menos, en Martinica y en Guyana, de cada diez, cuatro en Guadalupe y en Reunion. Mayormente localizado en el campo, afecta en primer lugar a mujeres y a no asalariados. Se traduce principalmente por empleos temporarios entrecortados por perlodos de inactividad o por multilabores, ya que el activo concernido desempefia una o varias pequenas actividades sobre-sueldo. En total, desempleo y subempleo ponen de maniflesto una aguda subutilización de la fuerza laboral en los Departamentos de Ultramar. [eng] Unemployment and Underemployment in the Overseas Departments of France - Employment problems in the overseas departments are not limited to unemployment. They are also problems of underemployment, that is, of an insufficient number of hours of work, or of an inadequate salary. Unemployment in the strict sense is very high in the Overseas Departments : between 25 and 30 % of the work force in Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Reunion, based on specific « employment » surveys made on the spot, and approximately 15 % in French Guyana. This unemployment has four main characteristics : job-seekers are young (nearly two-thirds are under 25); the average time taken to find a job is very long (nearly two years); job-seekers want stable, well-paid salaried jobs, which are very rare; nevertheless, given the low supply of jobs, the distress of job-seekers is such that they say they are ready to accept any job at all. Underemployment affects a large segment of the work force : roughly 3 out of 10 in Martinique and Guyana, 4 out of 10 in Guadeloupe and Reunion. Primarily located in the countryside, underemployment chiefly affects women and workers not having a regular salary. It consists largely of seasonal work interspersed with periods of inactivity, or polyvalence, when a worker has one or more small part-time jobs. In all, unemployment and underemployment constitute a considerable underutilization of manpower in the Overseas Departments. [fre] Les problèmes d'emploi dans les départements d'outre-mer ne se limitent pas au chômage. Il faut y ajouter le sous-emploi, c'est-à-dire les faibles durées du travail de certains actifs, ou la perception de ressources insuffisantes.- Pour sa part, le chômage stricto sensu est très élevé dans les DOM : entre 25 et 30 % de la population active en Martinique, Guadeloupe et Réunion, selon les enquêtes « emploi » spécifiques effectuées sur place, environ 15% en Guyane. Il est caractérisé par quatre aspects principaux : jeunesse des demandeurs d'emploi (près des deux tiers ont moins de 25 ans); durée moyenne de la recherche très importante (près de deux ans); désir d'emplois salariés stables et rémunérateurs, très rares; mais néanmoins, face à cette faiblesse de l'offre, désarroi des chômeurs, les conduisant à se déclarer prêts à accepter n'importe quel travail. Le sous-emploi touche de très nombreux actifs : environ 3 sur 10 à la Martinique et en Guyane, 4 sur 10 à la Guadeloupe et à la Réunion. Davantage localisé en campagne, il affecte d'abord les femmes et les non-salariés. Il se traduit surtout par des emplois saisonniers entrecoupés de périodes d'inactivité ou par la polyvalence, l'actif concerné exerçant une ou plusieurs petites activités d'appoint. Au total, chômage et sous-emploi font ressortir une considérable sous-utilisation de la main-d'œuvre dans les DOM.

Suggested Citation

  • Hervé Domenach & Jean-Pierre Guengant, 1981. "Chômage et sous-emploi dans les DOM," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 137(1), pages 3-23.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1981_num_137_1_4530
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1981.4530
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1981.4530
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. B. Grais, 1975. "Méthodes et sources utilisées pour la mesure du chomage," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 65(1), pages 63-69.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yannick L'Horty, 2014. "La persistance du chômage ultra-marin," Working Papers halshs-01100366, HAL.

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