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Vers une agriculture spécialisée

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  • Michel Pétry

Abstract

[eng] In 1970, at the time of the last general census of agriculture, about 1 600 000 farms of all kind and size were counted. Ministry of Agriculture's enumerators had counted besides the unit which enhanced about 4 poles of vine, the farm cultivating over 200 hectares of corn and industrial crops. The generic term of farm conceals therefore an unusual heterogeneity of structures and orientations; it thus becomes difficult to carry out an analysis of the global evolution. Applying the european classification by means of technical and economical orientation (OTE) to farms such as those described into the enquiry on agricultural structures carried out in 1967, and in 1970's general census of agriculture, allows drawing mere trends at the leading orientations'level between 1967 and 1970. The number of farms oriented towards corn and industrial crops increases wonderfully passing from 17 to 30 % within three years with regard to farms exceeding an area of 5 hectares of arable land. OTE stability regarding horned cattle, which includes 535 000 farms, conceals an increase of the number of farms exceeding 20 hectares of arable land counterbalanced by a very important decrease of small-sized farming. On the contrary, combining horned cattle breeding with polycultivation meets no longer with the interest of farmers: since 1967, around a quarter of such kind of farms have disappeared on account of random when small farms are concerned, or by specialization in crops, industrial cultivation and horned cattle breeding, according to local conditions, for large farms. If wine-growing or vegetable-growing withstand the cycle's economic conditions, that is not so regarding fruit-growing, concerned by drop in prices due to overproduction. The mixing of permanent crops with other crops decreases in a similar way as those oriented towards polycultivation and horned cattle-breeding. Advancement in breeding which does not depend on the soil, such as pigs and poultry, either alone or combined (+ 32%) emphasizes the importance of agricultural specialization phenomena. National trend is to be found at the regional level: i.e. specialization of stock-breeders matched with concentration within large-sized units, simplification in production of crops farming, keeping up of wine-breeding within specialized areas. [spa] En 1970, al realizarse el ultimo censo general agricola, existfan poco más o menos 1 600 000 explotaciones agricolas de toda naturaleza tamaño. Los encuestadores del ministerio de Agricultura hicieron el recuento tanto de la unidad que explotaba 20 áreas de vinedo como de la que cultivaba más de 200 hectáreas de cereales y cultivos industrials. El término genérico de « explotaciôn agricola » oculta pues una intensa heterogeneidad de estructuras y de orientaciones, la cual entorpece el análisis global del desarrollo. El aplicar la clasificación europea por orientación técnico-económica (OTE) a las empresas agrícolas reseñadas en la encuesta relativa a estructuras agricolas de 1967 y en el censo general agricola de 1970 permite desprender meras tendencias a nivel de las principales orientaciones entre 1967 y 1970. El numéro de explotaciones dedicadas a cereales y cultivos industrials se va incrementando de manera considerable; tanto es asi que pasaron de un 17 a un 30 % en tres anos con relación a explotaciones que superan las 5 hectáreas de superficie agricola utilizada. La estabilidad de la orientación técnico-económica (OTE) de Bovinos, la cual comprende 535 000 explotaciones agricolas, oculta un incremento del numéro de explotaciones que pasan de las 20 hectáras de superficie agricola utilizada, incremento que esta compensado por une merma muy importante de las ganaderias de pequena dimension. Por el contrario, el combinar la ganaderia bovina con el policultivo ya no satisface a los agricultores : desde 1967, aproximadamente un cuarto de esas explotaciones han desaparecido por motivo de abandono tratândose de pequenas explotaciones, o de espacialización en céréales, cultivos industrials y ganaderia bovina, según condiciones locales, tratândose de explotaciones de gran dimension. Si las explotaciones viticolas o de hortalizas suelen resistir bastante bien a las condiciones económicas del periodo, no sucede lo mismo con relación a fruticultura, propensa a bajas de precios con motivo de superproducción. El asociar cultivos permanentes con otros cultivos presenta une merma parecida a la de los policultivos combinados con ganaderia bovina. El auge de la ganaderia que no dépende del suelo (porcinos y aves) solos o combinados (+ 32 %) pone de manifiesto la importancia de los fenómenos de especial ización agricola. Existen a nivel regional las tendencias que se verifican a nivel nacional, o sea espacialización de los ganaderos, acompanada de concentración dentro de explotaciones de tamano más importante, simplificación de los cultivos en las explotaciones dedicadas a cultivos vegetales, permanencia del vinedo en las zonas especializadas. [fre] Réduction de la population active agricole, diminution du nombre des exploitations, ces phénomènes se manifestent depuis de nombreuses années et sont bien connus. Mais les évolutions globales ne rendent pas compte des modifications intervenues dans les systèmes de production. Les recensements ou les grandes enquêtes par sondage du ministère de l'Agriculture donnent à inter; valles périodiques des images détaillées de l'ensemble des unités observées avec les mêmes définitions et les mêmes méthodes. Mais la prise en considération des exploitations agricoles comme un ensemble homogène, si intéressante qu'elle soit, ne permet pas d'étudier l'évolution des divers types d'exploitation. Aussi a-t-on pratiqué des dépouillements supplémentaires de l'enquête sur les structures de 1967, et du recensement général de l'agriculture de 1970, les deux dernières investigations réalisées, selon la typologie par orientation technico-économique (OTE) qui distingue les différents systèmes de production. Malgré leur ancienneté, les résultats de ces enquêtes restent valables pour la période actuelle! les structures agricoles évoluant assez lentement. Cet article analyse l'évolution 1967-1970 des exploitations agricoles [1] en fonction des activités productives, d'abord pour la France entière, malgré l'extraordinaire hétérogénéité de l'univers* des entreprises agricoles, puis par régions. Une agriculture familiale plus spécialisée qu'auparavant apparaît, dominée par les céréales, les plantes industrielles ou l'élevage bovin.

Suggested Citation

  • Michel Pétry, 1974. "Vers une agriculture spécialisée," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 61(1), pages 3-19.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1974_num_61_1_1683
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1974.1683
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1974.1683
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