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La concentration de l'industrie s'est-elle accentuée depuis le début du siècle?

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  • Michel Didier
  • Edmond Malinvaud

Abstract

[fre] Où en est actuellement la concentration de l'Industrie française? Peut-on porter un jugement sur son évolution depuis le début du siècle et sur les tendances récentes ? . On est certes frappé par le fort mouvement de fusions des années récentes. Mais, à considérer les chiffres disponibles jusqu'en 1964, on retient l'idée que la « cristallisation du système productif » demeure encore une caractéristique de l'industrie française. . La tendance la plus notable et la plus persistante de 1906 à nos jours est la mortalité élevée des petites unités de production, un moment arrêtée lors de la grande crise des années trente, et plus accentuée dans les années d'après-guerre. . Les établissements artisanaux de zéro salarié (il y en a encore environ 180 000 en 1966) ne représentent plus que 4 % de la population occupée dans les secteurs industriels contre 27 % en 1906, les établissements de moins de quatre salariés 14 % en 1966 contre 53 % en 1906. . La période antérieure à la crise économique avait été marquée par un lent accroissement de la taille des établissements industriels et du poids des grandes entreprises ainsi que par un développement des liaisons financières entre les entreprises. . De 1906 à 1936, la répartition de l'emploi dans les secteurs industriels se modifie au profit des établissements de plus de 500 personnes et la taille moyenne des établissements de plus de 1 000 personnes croît notablement (de 2 228 à 2 610). . Ces tendances ne paraissent pas se prolonger depuis. Les années de guerre semblent s'être accompagnées d'une diminution du poids des plus grandes entreprises et sans doute aussi de l'importance des liaisons financières entre les entreprises. . Depuis 1945 les établissements de plus de 500 salariés ont perdu en importance au profit des établissements de 200 à 500 salariés et la taille moyenne des établissements de plus de 1 000 salariés est moins élevée qu'en 1936. On note un mouvement de réorganisation par fusions d'entreprises sans précédent depuis le début du siècle, mais le poids des grandes entreprises, qui avait augmenté jusqu'en 1955, est resté stable de 1955 à 1964. [eng] What is the present state of industrial concentration in France ? Is it possible to pass judgment on its trend since the beginning of the century and on its recent tendencies ? The strength of the movement towards mergers in recent years is certainly striking. But the figures available up to 1964 seem to indicate that the «crystallisation of the productive system» is still a characteristic of French industry. . The outstanding and most persistent tendency from 1906 until the present is the high death- rate of small production units, halted for a moment during the great crisis of the thirties and more accentuated in the post-war years.. Handicraft establishments with no paid employees (there were still about 180 000 in 1966) now account for no more than 4 % of the employed population in the industrial sectors, compared with 27 % in 1906, and establishments with fewer than four employees 14 % in 1966 compared with 53 % in 1906. . The period before the economic crisis was marked by a slight increase in the size of industrial enterprises and the weight of the big enterprises and by a development of financial links between firms. . From 1906 to 1936, the distribution of employment in the industrial sectors changed in favour of establishments of more than. 500 employees and the average size of establishments with over 1 000 employees increased noticeably (from 2 228 to 2 610). . These trends do not seem to have been prolonged since that date. The war years appear to have been accompanied by a lessening of the weight of the biggest firms, and probably also of the importance of financial links between firms. . Since 1945, establishments employing more than 500 have lost importance in favour of establishments of 200 to 500 and the average size of establishments with more than 1 000 employees is smaller than in 1936. A movement of reorganisation by business mergers is recorded wich is without precedent since the beginning of the century; but the weight of the big firms, which had increased up to 1955, remained stable from 1955 to 1964.

Suggested Citation

  • Michel Didier & Edmond Malinvaud, 1969. "La concentration de l'industrie s'est-elle accentuée depuis le début du siècle?," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 2(1), pages 3-10.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1969_num_2_1_1789
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1969.1789
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1969.1789
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