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"Real" Effective Exchange Rate Indices: A Re-Examination of the Major Conceptual and Methodological Issues (Les indices de taux de change effectifs "réels": un réexamen des principales questions conceptuelles et méthodologiques) (Indices de tipos de cambio efectivos "reales": reconsideración de los principales aspectos conceptuales y metodológicos)

Author

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  • Edouard B. Maciejewski

    (International Monetary Fund)

Abstract

The principal objective of this paper is to investigate the economic meaning of different "real" effective exchange rate indices, defined as relative price or cost indices adjusted for exchange rate movements, and of various alternative domestic relative price or cost indices. An economically meaningful interpretation of such indices is shown to depend crucially on the choice of the base period, the adequacy of the weighting procedure in terms of the country's competitive relationships, and the plausibility of the selected price or cost indicator in relation to the policy question addressed and the market conditions involved. In this respect, the paper shows the inherent limitations of any of the calculated indices for the purpose of judging the adequacy of a given exchange rate. In particular, in no case should the results obtained by any of the available adjusted relative price or cost indices be elevated to firm norms and be used as the only indicators of currency overvaluation or undervaluation. At the same time, the study emphasizes that such calculated indices may provide useful signals about underlying international competitiveness and cost or profitability developments. However, for a number of reasons, such as the degree of approximation involved in the choice of the index and the short-comings inherent in available price or cost statistics, the calculated values should always be interpreted with caution. In addition, since the calculations can provide only a rough measure of the direction of change, any apparent changes in international competitiveness should also be assessed in conjunction with a forward-looking analysis of underlying balance of payments developments. The paper also emphasizes that there are as many adjusted relative price or cost indices as there are analytical or policy questions addressed, but that each index can fulfill only a limited number of purposes. /// L'objet principal de ce document est d'étudier la signification économique de différents indices de taux de change effectifs "réels", définis comme étant des indices de coûts ou de prix relatifs corrigés des variations de taux de change, et de divers indices de coûts ou de prix relatifs intérieurs. L'étude montre qu'une interprétation significative de ces indices, du point de vue économique, dépend essentiellement des éléments suivants: choix de la période de référence; caractère adéquat de la méthode de pondération compte tenu des relations de concurrence du pays; et plausibilité des indicateurs de coûts et de prix retenus compte tenu de la question de politique économique et des conditions de marché qui sont étudiées. A cet égard, le document met en évidence les limites inhérentes à chacun des indices calculés lorsqu'il s'agit de juger du niveau adéquat d'un taux de change donné. En particulier, les résultats obtenus à l'aide de l'un quelconque des indices disponibles de coûts et de prix relatifs ajustés ne doivent en aucun cas être considérés comme des normes établies et être utilisés en tant que tels comme les seuls indicateurs disponibles en vue d'apprécier la surévaluation ou la sous-évaluation d'une monnaie. D'autre part, l'étude souligne que de tels indices calculés peuvent être révélateurs de tendances fondamentales en matière de compétitivité internationale et d'évolution des coûts ou de la rentabilité. Toutefois, pour un certain nombre de raisons--notamment le degré d'approximation concernant le choix de l'indice et les lacunes inhérentes aux statistiques disponibles sur les coûts et les prix--les valeurs calculées doivent toujours être interprétées avec prudence. En outre, étant donné que les calculs ne peuvent donner qu'une mesure approximative du sens de la variation, toute modification apparente de la compétitivité internationale doit aussi être évaluée en liaison avec une analyse prospective des tendances fondamentales de la balance des paiements. L'étude souligne également qu'il y a autant d'indices ajustés de coûts et de prix relatifs qu'il y a de questions analytiques ou de politique économique examinées, mais que chaque indice ne peut servir qu'à un nombre limité de fins. /// El principal objetivo de este documento es investigar el valor económico de diferentes índices de tipos de cambio efectivos "reales", definidos como los índices de precios o costos relativos ajustados en función de las variaciones del tipo de cambio, y de otros diversos índices internos de precios o costos relativos. Se demuestra que la interpretación útil de esos índices desde el punto de vista económico depende en forma decisiva del período base que se elija, del grado en que el sistema de ponderación aplicado sea compatible con la posición competitiva internacional del país, y de la verosimilitud del indicador escogido de precios o costos con respecto a la cuestión de política que se ha de abordar o a las condiciones de mercado que existan. En este sentido, el documento pone de relieve las limitaciones inherentes a cualquiera de los índices calculados para evaluar la justeza de un tipo de cambio dado. Es importante sobre todo que los resultados obtenidos con los índices de precios o costos relativos ajustados no se eleven nunca a la categoría de normas definitivas, ni se usen como indicadores exclusivos de la sobrevaloración o subvaloración de una moneda. Al mismo tiempo, el estudio destaca que dichos índices pueden revelar información útil acerca de la situación básica en materia de competitividad internacional y de la evolución de los costos o de la rentabilidad. Sin embargo, debido a varias causas, como el grado de aproximación que entraña la elección del índice y las limitaciones inherentes a las estadísticas disponibles de precios o costos, los valores calculados deben interpretarse siempre con cautela. Además, como los cálculos sólo permiten obtener una aproximación burda de la dirección del cambio, la percepción de cualquier variación en la competitividad internacional debe complementarse con un análisis prospectivo de la evolución fundamental de la balanza de pagos. En este documento se destaca también que hay tantos índices de precios o costos relativos ajustados como hay cuestiones de análisis o de política que se han de abordar, pero cada índice tiene un número limitado de aplicaciones.

Suggested Citation

  • Edouard B. Maciejewski, 1983. ""Real" Effective Exchange Rate Indices: A Re-Examination of the Major Conceptual and Methodological Issues (Les indices de taux de change effectifs "réels": un réexamen des princ," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 30(3), pages 491-541, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:pal:imfstp:v:30:y:1983:i:3:p:491-541
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    Cited by:

    1. Erlat, Güzin & Arslaner, Ferhat, 1997. "Measuring Annual Real Exchange Rate Series for Turkey," MPRA Paper 56396, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Dominique Peters, 2010. "Price Competitiveness in Central and Eastern Europe - a case study for transition economies," IMK Studies 01-2010, IMK at the Hans Boeckler Foundation, Macroeconomic Policy Institute.
    3. Shimazaki, Masao & Solomou, Solomos, 2001. "Effective exchange rates in Japan 1879-1938," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 161-178, April.
    4. Roberto Cellino & Anna Soci, 2002. "Pop competitiveness," BNL Quarterly Review, Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, vol. 55(220), pages 71-101.
    5. Erlat, Güzin & Arslaner, Ferhat, 1997. "Measuring Annual Real Exchange Rates: Series for Turkey," MPRA Paper 45996, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Sean Fahle & Jaime R. Marquez & Charles P. Thomas, 2008. "Measuring U.S. international relative prices: a WARP view of the world," International Finance Discussion Papers 917, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    7. Hans-Jürg Büttler, 1985. "Real Effective Exchange Rates of Imports, Exports, and Trade Balance," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics (SJES), Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics (SSES), vol. 121(IV), pages 375-390, December.

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