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Book-to-Market Equity, Financial Leverage, and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns

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  • Iulian Obreja

Abstract

I propose a new dynamic model of the firm that links operating leverage to both value premium and book-leverage premium in stock returns. Value firms are low-productivity firms with either high operating leverage or high financial leverage. Firms with high operating leverage maintain low book leverage ratios. When operating leverage is economically significant, both value firms and low book-leverage firms can have high equity risk premiums. In particular, value premium becomes positive while book-leverage premium becomes negative. Without operating leverage, the signs of these premiums are reversed. The model captures quantitatively several important properties of the cross-section of stock returns. The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.

Suggested Citation

  • Iulian Obreja, 2013. "Book-to-Market Equity, Financial Leverage, and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns," Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 26(5), pages 1146-1189.
  • Handle: RePEc:oup:rfinst:v:26:y:2013:i:5:p:1146-1189
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/rfs/hhs180
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    Cited by:

    1. Eero Pätäri & Timo Leivo, 2017. "A Closer Look At Value Premium: Literature Review And Synthesis," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(1), pages 79-168, February.
    2. Fukuta, Yuichi & Yamane, Akiko, 2015. "Value premium and implied equity duration in the Japanese stock market," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 102-121.
    3. Venmans, Frank, 2021. "The leverage anomaly in U.S. bank stock returns," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    4. Hafiz Muhammad Zia ul haq & Muhammad Sohail Shafiq & Muhammad Kashif & Saba Ameer, 2020. "Determining Force behind Value Premium: The Case of Financial Leverage and Operating Leverage," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-15, September.
    5. Stephen H. Penman & Francesco Reggiani & Scott A. Richardson & İrem Tuna, 2018. "A framework for identifying accounting characteristics for asset pricing models, with an evaluation of book‐to‐price," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 24(4), pages 488-520, September.
    6. Cao, Viet Nga, 2015. "What explains the value premium? The case of adjustment costs, operating leverage and financial leverage," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 350-366.
    7. Boubaker, Sabri & Hamza, Taher & Vidal-García, Javier, 2018. "Financial distress and equity returns: A leverage-augmented three-factor model," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 1-15.
    8. Rath, Subhrendu & Durand, Robert B., 2015. "Decomposing the size, value and momentum premia of the Fama–French–Carhart four-factor model," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 139-141.
    9. Zhiyao Chen & Ilya A. Strebulaev & Yuhang Xing & Xiaoyan Zhang, 2021. "Strategic Risk Shifting and the Idiosyncratic Volatility Puzzle: An Empirical Investigation," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(5), pages 2751-2772, May.
    10. Andrea Gamba & Alessio Saretto, 2020. "Growth Options and Credit Risk," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 66(9), pages 4269-4291, September.
    11. David Yechiam Aharon & Yossi Yagil, 2019. "The Impact of Financial Leverage on the Cost of Equity," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 9(2), pages 175-188.
    12. Filippo Ippolito & Alessandro Villa, 2022. "Levered Returns and Capital Structure Imbalances," Working Paper Series WP 2022-42, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
    13. Muhammad Adnan Arshad & Saira Munir & Bashir Ahmad & Muhammad Waseem, 2019. "Do factors matter for predicting high-risk stock returns? Comparison of single-, three- and five-factor CAPM," International Journal of Financial Engineering (IJFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 6(02), pages 1-16, June.
    14. Dirk Hackbarth & Timothy Johnson, 2015. "Real Options and Risk Dynamics," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 82(4), pages 1449-1482.

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