IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/mfa/journl/v27y2019i1p1-18.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Financial Openness and Trade Openness Nexus: Empirical Evidence from Global Data

Author

Listed:
  • Xiao-Jun Goh

    (Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Malaysia.)

  • Wen-Qi Tong

    (Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Malaysia.)

  • Tuck-Cheong Tang

    (Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya, Malaysia.)

Abstract

Over the past decades of globalization, most of the countries in the world is eventually opening up their financial markets which is believed to be an engine in fostering economic growth and development. Perhaps, it is not an exemption for their real market (goods and services), in particular market integration with other countries via trade liberalization. Indeed, the ‘interconnectedness’ between these two markets remains unclear from the empiric perspective. The objective of this study is to offer a fresh empirical evidence of financial openness and trade openness nexus. Both de jure (KAOPEN) and de facto (foreign direct investment inflow, FDII and outflow, FDIO) of financial openness are employed to link with trade openness (ratio of total trade, exports and imports to GDP) with an unbalanced panel data of 115 countries spanning between 1970 and 2014. The results of Granger non-causality tests show a two-way causality between de facto financial openness (FDII and FDIO) and trade openness, but it is not the case for de jure measure, in general (full panel data). Also, a two-way causality is observed for high, upper-middle, and low income groups, except for lower-middle income group, in which trade openness causes financial openness. This study does also support the interdependent hypothesis between real sector and financial sector, and this insight has important policy implication.

Suggested Citation

  • Xiao-Jun Goh & Wen-Qi Tong & Tuck-Cheong Tang, 2019. "Financial Openness and Trade Openness Nexus: Empirical Evidence from Global Data," Capital Markets Review, Malaysian Finance Association, vol. 27(1), pages 1-18.
  • Handle: RePEc:mfa:journl:v:27:y:2019:i:1:p:1-18
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mfa.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/cmr2019_271_pp1-18.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Baltagi, Badi H. & Demetriades, Panicos O. & Law, Siong Hook, 2009. "Financial development and openness: Evidence from panel data," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(2), pages 285-296, July.
    2. Chinn, Menzie D. & Ito, Hiro, 2006. "What matters for financial development? Capital controls, institutions, and interactions," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(1), pages 163-192, October.
    3. Christophe Hurlin, 2004. "Testing Granger causality in Heterogeneous panel data models with fixed coefficients," Post-Print halshs-00257395, HAL.
    4. Tuck Cheong Tang & Dietrich Fausten, 2008. "Current And Capital Account Interdependence: An Empirical Test," Monash Economics Working Papers 04/08, Monash University, Department of Economics.
    5. Joshua Aizenman & Ilan Noy, 2009. "Endogenous Financial and Trade Openness," Review of Development Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 13(2), pages 175-189, May.
    6. Marilyne Huchet & Chantal Le Mouel & Mariana Vijil, 2018. "The relationship between trade openness and economic growth: Some new insights on the openness measurement issue," Post-Print hal-01883878, HAL.
    7. Choi, In, 2001. "Unit root tests for panel data," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 249-272, April.
    8. Thorsten Beck, 2003. "Financial Dependence and International Trade," Review of International Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 11(2), pages 296-316, May.
    9. Yanikkaya, Halit, 2003. "Trade openness and economic growth: a cross-country empirical investigation," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(1), pages 57-89, October.
    10. Dennis Quinn & Martin Schindler & A Maria Toyoda, 2011. "Assessing Measures of Financial Openness and Integration," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 59(3), pages 488-522, August.
    11. Bekaert, Geert & Harvey, Campbell R. & Lundblad, Christian, 2011. "Financial Openness and Productivity," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 39(1), pages 1-19, January.
    12. Rajan, Raghuram G. & Zingales, Luigi, 2003. "The great reversals: the politics of financial development in the twentieth century," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(1), pages 5-50, July.
    13. Marilyne Huchet†Bourdon & Chantal Le Mouël & Mariana Vijil, 2018. "The relationship between trade openness and economic growth: Some new insights on the openness measurement issue," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(1), pages 59-76, January.
    14. Aizenman, Joshua, 2008. "On the hidden links between financial and trade opening," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(3), pages 372-386, April.
    15. Panagiotis Liargovas & Konstantinos Skandalis, 2012. "Foreign Direct Investment and Trade Openness: The Case of Developing Economies," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 106(2), pages 323-331, April.
    16. Zhang, Chengsi & Zhu, Yueteng & Lu, Zhe, 2015. "Trade openness, financial openness, and financial development in China," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 287-309.
    17. Siong Hook Law, 2007. "Openness and Financial Development," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 6(2), pages 145-165, May.
    18. Dumitrescu, Elena-Ivona & Hurlin, Christophe, 2012. "Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 1450-1460.
    19. Lane, Philip R. & Milesi-Ferretti, Gian Maria, 2007. "The external wealth of nations mark II: Revised and extended estimates of foreign assets and liabilities, 1970-2004," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(2), pages 223-250, November.
    20. repec:dau:papers:123456789/6159 is not listed on IDEAS
    21. Simplice Anutechia, Asongu, 2010. "Linkages between Financial Development and Openness: panel evidence from developing countries," MPRA Paper 26926, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    22. Ito, Hiro, 2004. "Is Financial Openness a Bad Thing? An Analysis on the Correlation Between Financial Liberalization and the Output Performance of Crisis-Hit Economies," Santa Cruz Department of Economics, Working Paper Series qt5zb2v4c5, Department of Economics, UC Santa Cruz.
    23. Lane, Philip & Milesi-Ferretti, Gian Maria, "undated". "External Wealth of Nations," Instructional Stata datasets for econometrics extwealth, Boston College Department of Economics.
    24. Granger, C W J, 1969. "Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 37(3), pages 424-438, July.
    25. Dietrich K. Fausten, 1989. "Current and Capital Account Interdependence," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(2), pages 273-292, December.
    26. Eddy Lee, 2005. "Trade Liberalization and Employment," Working Papers 5, United Nations, Department of Economics and Social Affairs.
    27. Granger, Clive W. J., 2003. "Some aspects of causal relationships," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 112(1), pages 69-71, January.
    28. Im, Kyung So & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 2003. "Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 53-74, July.
    29. G. S. Maddala & Shaowen Wu, 1999. "A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(S1), pages 631-652, November.
    30. Estrada, Gemma Esther & Park, Donghyun & Ramayandi, Arief, 2015. "Financial Development, Financial Openness, and Economic Growth," ADB Economics Working Paper Series 442, Asian Development Bank.
    31. Thomas Gries & Margarete Redlin, 2012. "Trade Openness and Economic Growth: A Panel Causality Analysis," Working Papers CIE 52, Paderborn University, CIE Center for International Economics.
    32. Maddala, G S & Wu, Shaowen, 1999. "A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, vol. 61(0), pages 631-652, Special I.
    33. Jay Squalli & Kenneth Wilson, 2011. "A New Measure of Trade Openness," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(10), pages 1745-1770, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Chen, Jinzhao & Quang, Thérèse, 2014. "The impact of international financial integration on economic growth: New evidence on threshold effects," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 475-489.
    2. Eric S. Lin & Hamid E. Ali, 2009. "Military Spending and Inequality: Panel Granger Causality Test," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 46(5), pages 671-685, September.
    3. Claudius Gräbner & Philipp Heimberger & Jakob Kapeller & Florian Springholz, 2021. "Understanding economic openness: a review of existing measures," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 157(1), pages 87-120, February.
    4. Jinzhao Chen & Thérèse Quang, 2014. "The Impact of International Financial Integration on Economic Growth: New Evidence on Threshold Effects," Post-Print hal-03737730, HAL.
    5. Simplice Anutechia Asongu, 2012. "Bank Efficiency and Openness in Africa: Do Income Levels Matter?," The Review of Finance and Banking, Academia de Studii Economice din Bucuresti, Romania / Facultatea de Finante, Asigurari, Banci si Burse de Valori / Catedra de Finante, vol. 4(2), pages 115-122, December.
    6. Campo, Jacobo & Mendoza, Henry, 2018. "Gasto público y crecimiento económico: un análisis regional para Colombia, 1984-2012," Revista Lecturas de Economía, Universidad de Antioquia, CIE, issue 88, pages 77-108, January.
    7. Munir, Qaiser & Lean, Hooi Hooi & Smyth, Russell, 2020. "CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in the ASEAN-5 countries: A cross-sectional dependence approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    8. Töngür, Ünal & Elveren, Adem Yavuz, 2014. "Deunionization and pay inequality in OECD Countries: A panel Granger causality approach," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 417-425.
    9. Chris Doucouliagos & Jakob de Haan & Jan-Egbert Sturm, 2022. "What drives financial development? A Meta-regression analysis [A new database of financial reforms]," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 74(3), pages 840-868.
    10. Wenjing Zhang & Hengzhou Xu, 2017. "Exploring the causal relationship between carbon emissions and land urbanization quality in China using a panel data analysis," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 19(4), pages 1445-1462, August.
    11. Ashraf, Badar Nadeem & Qian, Ningyu & Shen, Yinjie (Victor), 2021. "The impact of trade and financial openness on bank loan pricing: Evidence from emerging economies," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 47(C).
    12. Jacobo Campo & Henry Mendoza, 2018. "Public expenditure and economic growth: a regional analysis for Colombia, 1984-2012," Lecturas de Economía, Universidad de Antioquia, Departamento de Economía, issue 88, pages 77-108, Enero - J.
    13. Simplice A., Asongu, 2011. "Globalization, financial allocation efficiency and regional economic dynamics: asymmetric panel evidence from Africa," MPRA Paper 33901, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Jawad Ahmad & Sania Zehraa & Noor Jehan, 2018. "Can Openness Hypothesis Improve Political Economy of Pakistans Financial Market?," Global Economics Review, Humanity Only, vol. 3(1), pages 56-65, June.
    15. Sionfou Seydou Coulibaly & Lewis Landry Gakpa, 2017. "The Role of Property Rights in the Relationship between Openness to International Capital Flows and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa Countries: An Estimate from Non-Stationary Panel Data," Working Papers 320, African Economic Research Consortium, Research Department.
    16. Cosmas S. Mbogela, 2019. "An Empirical Examination on Trade Openness and Economic Growth Nexus in Africa," Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, Asian Online Journal Publishing Group, vol. 6(1), pages 1-15.
    17. Wu, Shih-Ying & Tang, Jenn-Hong & Lin, Eric S., 2010. "The impact of government expenditure on economic growth: How sensitive to the level of development?," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 32(6), pages 804-817, November.
    18. Zhang, Chengsi & Zhu, Yueteng & Lu, Zhe, 2015. "Trade openness, financial openness, and financial development in China," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 287-309.
    19. Jawad Ahmad & Sania Zehraa & Noor Jehan, 2018. "Can Openness Hypothesis Improve Political Economy of Pakistans Financial Market?," Global Political Review, Humanity Only, vol. 3(1), pages 56-65, June.
    20. Ronald MacDonald & Flávio Vieira, "undated". "A panel data investigation of real exchange rate misalignment and growth," Working Papers 2010_13, Business School - Economics, University of Glasgow.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Causality; financial openness; foreign direct investment; trade openness.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F3 - International Economics - - International Finance
    • F15 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Economic Integration

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:mfa:journl:v:27:y:2019:i:1:p:1-18. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Capital Market Review (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.