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Longitudinal Analysis of Relationships between Planning and Performance in Small Firms

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  • Brian Gibson
  • Gavin Cassar

Abstract

This paper investigates causal relationships between planning and performance utilizing a longitudinal database with responses from the same 2,956 businesses over a four-year period. Results confirm the association between planning activity and performance that is evident in most extant literature. They also, however, cast doubt on the traditional perception of the causal sequence of that association. Although subject to a number of limitations, the results indicate that planning is more likely to be introduced into a small firm after a period of growth rather than before a period of growth. These results make an important contribution to understanding the planning performance relationship for two main reasons: they overcome the static data and relatively smaller sample size restrictions of many past studies; and, they provide evidence concerning the sequence of the relationship between planning and performance. Copyright Springer 2005

Suggested Citation

  • Brian Gibson & Gavin Cassar, 2005. "Longitudinal Analysis of Relationships between Planning and Performance in Small Firms," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 25(3), pages 207-222, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:sbusec:v:25:y:2005:i:3:p:207-222
    DOI: 10.1007/s11187-003-6458-4
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Charles R. Schwenk & Charles B. Shrader, 1993. "Effects of Formal Strategic Planning on Financial Performance in Small Firms: A Meta-Analysis," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 17(3), pages 53-64, April.
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    Cited by:

    1. Kohei Takahashi & Yuki Hashimoto, 2023. "Small grant subsidy application effects on productivity improvement: evidence from Japanese SMEs," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 60(4), pages 1631-1658, April.
    2. Oluwaseun Niyi Anifowose & Matina Ghasemi & Banji Rildwan Olaleye, 2022. "Total Quality Management and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises’ (SMEs) Performance: Mediating Role of Innovation Speed," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-19, July.
    3. Brinckmann, Jan & Grichnik, Dietmar & Kapsa, Diana, 2010. "Should entrepreneurs plan or just storm the castle? A meta-analysis on contextual factors impacting the business planning-performance relationship in small firms," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 25(1), pages 24-40, January.
    4. Elias Hadjielias & Michael Christofi & Shlomo Tarba, 2022. "Contextualizing small business resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from small business owner-managers," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 59(4), pages 1351-1380, December.
    5. P. Maik Hamann, 2017. "Towards a contingency theory of corporate planning: a systematic literature review," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 67(4), pages 227-289, August.
    6. Monika Maříková & Ladislav Rolínek & Jaroslav Vrchota & Petr Řehoř, 2022. "Determination of the Level of Strategic Management in SMEs," Central European Business Review, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2022(3), pages 55-78.
    7. Ahmed Imran Hunjra & Nuzhat Shamim & Babar Khalid, 2014. "Impact of Strategic Planning on the Financial Performance of Small and Medium Banks in Islamabad," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 3(2), pages 96-130, June.
    8. Dong Xiang & Andrew C. Worthington & Helen Higgs, 2011. "Firm-level determinants and impacts of finance-seeking behaviour and outcomes for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Australia," Discussion Papers in Finance finance:201115, Griffith University, Department of Accounting, Finance and Economics.
    9. Zachary B. Awino, 2013. "Strategic Planning and Competitive Advantage of ICT Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya," Business and Management Horizons, Macrothink Institute, vol. 1(1), pages 191-204, June.
    10. HASHIMOTO Yuki & TAKAHASHI Kohei, 2021. "Are Applying for and Receiving Subsidy Worth for Small Enterprises? Evidence from the Government Support Program in Japan," Discussion papers 21039, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    11. Giovanna Mariani & Davide Morelli & Leonardo Bartoloni, 2019. "Managing uncertainty in the start-up environment. Is a business plan an incentive or a limitation?," MANAGEMENT CONTROL, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2019(1), pages 73-96.
    12. Maziriri E T & Chinomona E, 2016. "Modeling the Influence of Relationship Marketing, Green Marketing and Innovative Marketing on the Business Performance of Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMES)," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 8(3), pages 127-139.
    13. Abbas Valadkhani & George Chen & Bernice Kotey, 2014. "Asymmetric changes in Australia’s small business loan rate," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 43(4), pages 945-957, December.

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