IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/jof/jforec/v29y2010i5p442-466.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The detection of earnings manipulation: the three-phase cutting plane algorithm using mathematical programming

Author

Listed:
  • Burcu Dikmen

    (Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Space Technologies Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey)

  • Güray Küçükkocaoğlu

    (Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey)

Abstract

The primary goal of this study was to propose an algorithm using mathematical programming to detect earnings management practices. In order to evaluate the ability of this proposed algorithm, the traditional statistical models are used as a benchmark vis-à-vis their time series counterparts. As emerging techniques in the area of mathematical programming yield better results, application of suitable models is expected to result in highly performed forecasts. The motivation behind this paper is to develop an algorithm which will succeed in detecting companies that appeal to financial manipulation. The methodology is based on cutting plane formulation using mathematical programming. A sample of 126 Turkish manufacturing firms described over 10 financial ratios and indexes are used for detecting factors associated with false financial statements. The results indicate that the proposed three-phase cutting plane algorithm outperforms the traditional statistical techniques which are widely used for false financial statement detections. Furthermore, the results indicate that the investigation of financial information can be helpful towards the identification of false financial statements and highlight the importance of financial ratios|indexes such as Days' Sales in Receivables Index (DSRI), Gross Margin Index (GMI), Working Capital Accruals to Total Assets (TATA) and Days to Inventory Index (DINV). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Suggested Citation

  • Burcu Dikmen & Güray Küçükkocaoğlu, 2010. "The detection of earnings manipulation: the three-phase cutting plane algorithm using mathematical programming," Journal of Forecasting, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(5), pages 442-466.
    • Handle: RePEc:jof:jforec:v:29:y:2010:i:5:p:442-466
    DOI: 10.1002/for.1138
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1002/for.1138
    File Function: Link to full text; subscription required
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/for.1138?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. J. V. Hansen & J. B. McDonald & W. F. Messier, Jr. & T. B. Bell, 1996. "A Generalized Qualitative-Response Model and the Analysis of Management Fraud," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 42(7), pages 1022-1032, July.
    2. Michael Doumpos & Constantin Zopounidis, 1999. "A Multicriteria Discrimination Method for the Prediction of Financial Distress: The Case of Greece," Multinational Finance Journal, Multinational Finance Journal, vol. 3(2), pages 71-101, June.
    3. Waters, Howard, 1990. "The recursive calculation of the moments of the profit on a sickness insurance policy," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(2-3), pages 101-113, September.
    4. R. Slowinski & C. Zopounidis, 1995. "Application of the Rough Set Approach to Evaluation of Bankruptcy Risk," Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 4(1), pages 27-41, March.
    5. Doumpos, M. & Kosmidou, K. & Baourakis, G. & Zopounidis, C., 2002. "Credit risk assessment using a multicriteria hierarchical discrimination approach: A comparative analysis," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 138(2), pages 392-412, April.
    6. Ch. Spathis & M. Doumpos & C. Zopounidis, 2002. "Detecting falsified financial statements: a comparative study using multicriteria analysis and multivariate statistical techniques," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(3), pages 509-535.
    7. Lev, B & Thiagarajan, Sr, 1993. "Fundamental Information Analysis," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(2), pages 190-215.
    8. Kosmidou K. & Doumpos M. & Zopounidis C., 2002. "A Multicriteria Hierarchical Discrimination Approach for Credit Risk Problems," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(1-2), pages 53-68, January -.
    9. Derrick Reagle & Dominick Salvatore, 2000. "Forecasting Financial Crises in Emerging Market Economies," Open Economies Review, Springer, vol. 11(3), pages 247-259, July.
    10. Jones, Jj, 1991. "Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations," Journal of Accounting Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(2), pages 193-228.
    11. Stam, Antonie & Joachimsthaler, Erich A., 1990. "A comparison of a robust mixed-integer approach to existing methods for establishing classification rules for the discriminant problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 113-122, May.
    12. Srinivasan, Venkat & Ruparel, Bharat, 1990. "CGX: An expert support system for credit granting," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 45(2-3), pages 293-308, April.
    13. Markowski, Carol A., 1994. "An adaptive statistical method for the discriminant problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 73(3), pages 480-486, March.
    14. Unknown, 1986. "Letters," Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 1(4), pages 1-9.
    15. Teoh, Siew Hong & Welch, Ivo & Wong, T. J., 1998. "Earnings management and the underperformance of seasoned equity offerings," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 63-99, October.
    16. Luoma, M & Laitinen, EK, 1991. "Survival analysis as a tool for company failure prediction," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 19(6), pages 673-678.
    17. Beneish, Messod D., 1997. "Detecting GAAP violation: implications for assessing earnings management among firms with extreme financial performance," Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 16(3), pages 271-309.
    18. Hosseini, Jamshid C. & Armacost, Robert L., 1994. "The two-group discriminant problem with equal group mean vectors: An experimental evaluation of six linear/nonlinear programming formulations," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 77(2), pages 241-252, September.
    19. Freed, Ned & Glover, Fred, 1981. "Simple but powerful goal programming models for discriminant problems," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 7(1), pages 44-60, May.
    20. Zopounidis, Constantin & Doumpos, Michael, 1999. "A Multicriteria Decision Aid Methodology for Sorting Decision Problems: The Case of Financial Distress," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 14(3), pages 197-218, December.
    21. Healy, Paul M., 1985. "The effect of bonus schemes on accounting decisions," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(1-3), pages 85-107, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Gaganis, Chrysovalantis & Hasan, Iftekhar & Pasiouras, Fotios, 2016. "Regulations, institutions and income smoothing by managing technical reserves: International evidence from the insurance industry," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 59(PA), pages 113-129.
    2. Dimitris Andriosopoulos & Michalis Doumpos & Panos M. Pardalos & Constantin Zopounidis, 2019. "Computational approaches and data analytics in financial services: A literature review," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 70(10), pages 1581-1599, October.
    3. repec:bof:bofrdp:urn:nbn:fi:bof-201508181354 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Amani, Farzaneh A. & Fadlalla, Adam M., 2017. "Data mining applications in accounting: A review of the literature and organizing framework," International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 32-58.
    5. repec:zbw:bofrdp:2015_015 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Gaganis, Chrysovalantis & Hasan, Iftekhar & Pasiouras, Fotios, 2016. "Regulations, institutions and income smoothing by managing technical reserves: International evidence from the insurance industry," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 59(PA), pages 113-129.
    7. Li, Jing & Li, Nan & Xia, Tongshui & Guo, Jinjin, 2023. "Textual analysis and detection of financial fraud: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    8. repec:zbw:bofrdp:urn:nbn:fi:bof-201508181354 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Joanna Wyrobek & Lukasz Poplawski & Marcin Surowka, 2020. "Identification of a Fraudulent Organizational Culture in Enterprises Listed in Warsaw Stock Exchange," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(Special 2), pages 622-637.
    10. Abdullah Albizri & Deniz Appelbaum & Nicholas Rizzotto, 2019. "Evaluation of financial statements fraud detection research: a multi-disciplinary analysis," International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 16(4), pages 206-241, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Dechow, Patricia & Ge, Weili & Schrand, Catherine, 2010. "Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 344-401, December.
    2. Zopounidis, Constantin & Doumpos, Michael, 2002. "Multicriteria classification and sorting methods: A literature review," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 138(2), pages 229-246, April.
    3. Kothari, S. P., 2001. "Capital markets research in accounting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 31(1-3), pages 105-231, September.
    4. Gikas Hardouvelis & Georgios Papanastasopoulos & Dimitrios Thomakos & Tao Wang, 2012. "External Financing, Growth and Stock Returns," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 18(5), pages 790-815, November.
    5. Campa, Domenico & Camacho-Miñano, María-del-Mar, 2015. "The impact of SME’s pre-bankruptcy financial distress on earnings management tools," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 222-234.
    6. Huasheng Gao & Huai Zhang & Jin Zhang, 2018. "Employee turnover likelihood and earnings management: evidence from the inevitable disclosure doctrine," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 23(4), pages 1424-1470, December.
    7. Sabrina P. Ozawa Gioielli & Antonio Gledson de Carvalho & Joelson Oliveira Sampaio, 2013. "Venture capital and earnings management in IPOs," Brazilian Business Review, Fucape Business School, vol. 10(4), pages 30-64, October.
    8. Balcaen, Sofie & Ooghe, Hubert, 2006. "35 years of studies on business failure: an overview of the classic statistical methodologies and their related problems," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 38(1), pages 63-93.
    9. Yu, Fang (Frank), 2008. "Analyst coverage and earnings management," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(2), pages 245-271, May.
    10. S. Balcaen & H. Ooghe, 2004. "Alternative methodologies in studies on business failure: do they produce better results than the classical statistical methods?," Working Papers of Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Belgium 04/249, Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration.
    11. Antonie Stam & Cliff T. Ragsdale, 1992. "On the classification gap in mathematical programming‐based approaches to the discriminant problem," Naval Research Logistics (NRL), John Wiley & Sons, vol. 39(4), pages 545-559, June.
    12. Daniela Pordea & Dorel Mates, 2019. "DETERMINANTS OF ACCOUNTING CREATIVITY: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ON ROMANIAN SMEs IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY," Oradea Journal of Business and Economics, University of Oradea, Faculty of Economics, vol. 4(Special), pages 7-18, May.
    13. Roychowdhury, Sugata, 2006. "Earnings management through real activities manipulation," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 335-370, December.
    14. Shivakumar, Lakshmanan, 2000. "Do firms mislead investors by overstating earnings before seasoned equity offerings?," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 339-371, June.
    15. Dan Amiram & Zahn Bozanic & James D. Cox & Quentin Dupont & Jonathan M. Karpoff & Richard Sloan, 2018. "Financial reporting fraud and other forms of misconduct: a multidisciplinary review of the literature," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 732-783, June.
    16. Bergstresser, Daniel & Philippon, Thomas, 2006. "CEO incentives and earnings management," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(3), pages 511-529, June.
    17. Mingue Sun, 2009. "Liquidity Risk and Financial Competition: A Mixed Integer Programming Model for Multiple-Class Discriminant Analysis," Working Papers 0102, College of Business, University of Texas at San Antonio.
    18. Fung, Simon Y.K. & Goodwin, John, 2013. "Short-term debt maturity, monitoring and accruals-based earnings management," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(1), pages 67-82.
    19. Nooraisah Katmon & Omar Al Farooque, 2017. "Exploring the Impact of Internal Corporate Governance on the Relation Between Disclosure Quality and Earnings Management in the UK Listed Companies," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 142(2), pages 345-367, May.
    20. Gilberto Loureiro & Sónia Silva, 2015. "Earnings Management and Stock Price Crashes PostCrossdelisting," NIPE Working Papers 16/2015, NIPE - Universidade do Minho.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:jof:jforec:v:29:y:2010:i:5:p:442-466. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley-Blackwell Digital Licensing or Christopher F. Baum (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/2966 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.