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Timid Choices and Bold Forecasts: A Cognitive Perspective on Risk Taking

Author

Listed:
  • Daniel Kahneman

    (Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720)

  • Dan Lovallo

    (Walter A. Haas School of Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720)

Abstract

Decision makers have a strong tendency to consider problems as unique. They isolate the current choice from future opportunities and neglect the statistics of the past in evaluating current plans. Overly cautious attitudes to risk result from a failure to appreciate the effects of statistical aggregation in mitigating relative risk. Overly optimistic forecasts result from the adoption of an inside view of the problem, which anchors predictions on plans and scenarios. The conflicting biases are documented in psychological research. Possible implications for decision making in organizations are examined.

Suggested Citation

  • Daniel Kahneman & Dan Lovallo, 1993. "Timid Choices and Bold Forecasts: A Cognitive Perspective on Risk Taking," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 39(1), pages 17-31, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:inm:ormnsc:v:39:y:1993:i:1:p:17-31
    DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.39.1.17
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