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Discrimination in professional sports: A survey of the literature

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Author Info
Lawrence M. Kahn

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Abstract

This paper reviews studies of racial and ethnic discrimination in professional sports and briefly examines gender differences in pay among professional tennis players. Many of these studies include far more extensive controls for individual ability and performance than typical studies of discrimination that use labor force data. The cited studies show evidence of salary discrimination and customer discrimination against blacks in basketball, and positional segregation on the basis of race or ethnicity in baseball, football, and hockey. More limited evidence is found for the existence of salary discrimination and fan discrimination against French-Canadian hockey players and fan preferences for white baseball players. Finally, at several Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the money prize for the women's winner is somewhat smaller than that for the men's winner, despite some evidence that the women's matches draw at least as much revenue as the men's matches. (Abstract courtesy JSTOR.)

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Publisher Info
Article provided by ILR Review, ILR School, Cornell University in its journal ILR Review.

Volume (Year): 44 (1991)
Issue (Month): 3 (April)
Pages: 395-418
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Handle: RePEc:ilr:articl:v:44:y:1991:i:3:p:395-418

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  1. Weichselbaumer, Doris & Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf, 2003. "The Effects of Competition and Equal Treatment Laws on the Gender Wage Differential," CEPR Discussion Papers 4015, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  2. Kahn, Lawrence M., 2004. "Race, Performance, Pay and Retention among National Basketball Association Head Coaches," IZA Discussion Papers 1120, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  3. Rob Simmons & D Berri, 2007. "Race and the evaluation of signal callers in the national football league," Working Papers 005291, Lancaster University Management School, Economics Department. [Downloadable!]
  4. Jonathan Leonard & David Levine, 2003. "Diversity, discrimination, and performance," Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, Working Paper Series 1029, Institute of Industrial Relations, UC Berkeley. [Downloadable!]
  5. Robert C. McLean & Michael R. Veall, 1992. "Performance and Salary Differentials in the National Hockey League," Canadian Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, vol. 18(4), pages 470-475, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  6. Steven D. Levitt, 2003. "Testing Theories of Discrimination: Evidence from "Weakest Link"," NBER Working Papers 9449, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  7. Matthew C. Palmer & Randall H. King, 2006. "Has Salary Discrimination Really Disappeared From Major League Baseball?," Eastern Economic Journal, Palgrave Macmillan Journals, vol. 32(2), pages 285-297, Spring. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Sherwin Rosen & Allen Sanderson, 2000. "Labor Markets in Professional Sports," NBER Working Papers 7573, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  9. William D. Walsh, 1992. "The Entry Problem of Francophones in the National Hockey League: A Systemic Interpretation," Canadian Public Policy, University of Toronto Press, vol. 18(4), pages 443-460, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  10. Joseph Price & Justin Wolfers, 2007. "Racial Discrimination Among NBA Referees," IZA Discussion Papers 2863, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
    Other versions:
  11. Dennis P. Wilson & Yung-Hsiang Ying, 2003. "Nationality preferences for labour in the international football industry," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 35(14), pages 1551-1559, September. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  12. Stephen Donald & Daniel S. Hamermesh, 2004. "What is Discrimination? Gender in the American Economic Association," NBER Working Papers 10684, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  13. W. Bentley MacLeod, 2003. "Optimal Contracting with Subjective Evaluation," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 93(1), pages 216-240, March. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
    Other versions:
  14. Christopher A. Parsons & Johan Sulaeman & Michael C. Yates & Daniel S. Hamermesh, 2007. "Strike Three: Umpires' Demand for Discrimination," NBER Working Papers 13665, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  15. Turner, Chad & Hakes, Jahn Karl, 2007. "The Collective Bargaining Effects of NBA Player Productivity Dynamics," MPRA Paper 5058, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  16. Jungmin Lee, 2006. "American Idol: Evidence of Same-Race Preferences?," IZA Discussion Papers 1974, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA). [Downloadable!]
  17. Turner, Chad & Hakes, Jahn, 2007. "Pay, productivity and aging in Major League Baseball," MPRA Paper 4326, University Library of Munich, Germany. [Downloadable!]
  18. Matthew C. Palmer & Randall H. King, 2006. "Has Salary Discrimination Really Disappeared From Major League Baseball?," Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, vol. 32(2), pages 285-297, Spring. [Downloadable!]
  19. Peter A. Groothuis & Richard Hill, 2007. "Exit Discrimination in Major League Baseball: 1990-2004," Working Papers 07-02, Department of Economics, Appalachian State University. [Downloadable!]
  20. Scott Smart & Joel Waldfogel, 1996. "A Citation-Based Test for Discrimination at Economics and Finance Journals," NBER Working Papers 5460, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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