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Who Made Who – An Empirical Analysis of Competitive Balance in European Soccer Leagues

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Author Info
Lief Brandes () (University of Zurich)
Egon Franck (University of Zurich)

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Abstract

There is an on-going debate about the optimal degree of team solidarity in professional European soccer leagues. Support for a high degree of team solidarity has been coming from the theory of competitive balance, which states that diminished uncertainty of outcome will result in reduced attendance demand. Based on seasonal average match attendance and different measures of competitive balance for several soccer leagues in Europe, this paper presents empirical evidence from vector autoregressive models and Granger causality tests. The results clearly show the existence of heterogeneity across different leagues and for tiers within a league.

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File URL: http://college.holycross.edu/eej/Volume33/V33N3P379_403.pdf
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Publisher Info
Article provided by Eastern Economic Association in its journal Eastern Economic Journal.

Volume (Year): 33 (2007)
Issue (Month): 3 (Summer)
Pages: 379-403
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Handle: RePEc:eej:eeconj:v:33:y:2007:i:3:p:379-403

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Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
  1. Stefan Szymanski, 2003. "The Economic Design of Sporting Contests," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 41(4), pages 1137-1187, December.
  2. Georg Stadtmann & Dirk Czarnitzki, 2002. "Uncertainty of outcome versus reputation: Empirical evidence for the First German Football Division," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 27(1), pages 101-112. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  3. Davies, B & Downward, P & Jackson, I, 1995. "The Demand for Rugby League: Evidence from Causality Tests," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 27(10), pages 1003-07, October.
  4. Haan, Marco & Koning, Ruud H. & Witteloostuijn, Arjen van, 2002. "Market forces in European soccer," CCSO Working Papers 200211, University of Groningen, CCSO Centre for Economic Research. [Downloadable!]
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  5. Jeffery Borland, 2003. "Demand for Sport," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press, vol. 19(4), pages 478-502, Winter.
  6. Dobson, S M & Goddard, J A, 1992. "The Demand for Standing and Seated Viewing Accommodation in the English Football League," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 24(10), pages 1155-63, October.
  7. El-Hodiri, Mohamed & Quirk, James, 1971. "An Economic Model of a Professional Sports League," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 79(6), pages 1302-19, Nov.-Dec.. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  8. Rob Simmons & David Forrest & Babatunde Buraimo, 2005. "Freedom of entry, market size and competitive outcome: evidence from English soccer," Working Papers 002495, Lancaster University Management School, Economics Department. [Downloadable!]
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  9. Helmut Dietl & Egon Franck & Patrick, 2003. "Überinvestitionsprobleme in einer Sportliga," Working Papers 0020, University of Zurich, Institute for Strategy and Business Economics (ISU).
  10. Dobson, Stephen M & Goddard, John A, 1998. "Performance and Revenue in Professional League Football: Evidence from Granger Causality Tests," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 30(12), pages 1641-51, December. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
  11. Simmons, Robert, 1996. "The Demand for English League Football: A Club-Level Analysis," Applied Economics, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 28(2), pages 139-55, February. [Downloadable!] (restricted)
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  1. Raul Caruso, 2008. "Il calcio tra mercato, relazioni e coercizione," Rivista di Diritto ed Economia dello Sport, Centro di diritto e business dello Sport, vol. 4(1), pages 71-88, Aprile. [Downloadable!]
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