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School calendars, child care availability and maternal employment

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  • Graves, Jennifer

Abstract

A year-round calendar redistributes schools days around the year. This paper studies how this redistribution of school days, and therefore child care days available through school, affects maternal employment. The presence of year-round calendars in a district could be correlated with other district level attributes that might affect female employment rates. I therefore use a differencing method that compares the influence of district year-round enrollment on the employment rates of women with school-aged children relative to women whose eldest child is pre-school-aged. Unobserved district factors should affect employment rates of women with school-aged and pre-school-aged children similarly, yet only women with school-aged children should be directly impacted by school calendar. I find that redistributing child care days available through school into shorter intervals over time negatively impacts maternal employment. Among those women with school-aged children, those also having pre-school-aged children have the hardest time adjusting to differences in existing availability.

Suggested Citation

  • Graves, Jennifer, 2013. "School calendars, child care availability and maternal employment," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 57-70.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:juecon:v:78:y:2013:i:c:p:57-70
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2013.07.004
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    Cited by:

    1. Graves Jennifer & McMullen Steven & Rouse Kathryn, 2018. "Teacher Turnover, Composition and Qualifications in the Year-Round School Setting," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 18(3), pages 1-27, July.
    2. Reo Takaku, 2019. "The wall for mothers with first graders: availability of afterschool childcare and continuity of maternal labor supply in Japan," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 17(1), pages 177-199, March.
    3. Wasserman, Melanie & Price, Brendan, 2022. "The Summer Drop in Female Employment," CEPR Discussion Papers 17354, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    4. Depro, Brooks & Rouse, Kathryn, 2015. "The effect of multi-track year-round academic calendars on property values: Evidence from district imposed school calendar conversions," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 157-171.
    5. Farré, Lídia & Fawaz, Yarine & González, Libertad & Graves, Jennifer, 2020. "How the COVID-19 Lockdown Affected Gender Inequality in Paid and Unpaid Work in Spain," IZA Discussion Papers 13434, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    6. Harding, John P. & Rosenthal, Stuart S., 2017. "Homeownership, housing capital gains and self-employment," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 120-135.
    7. Gregory Gilpin, 2020. "Policy‐Induced School Calendar Changes and Teacher Moonlighting," Southern Economic Journal, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 86(3), pages 989-1018, January.
    8. Andrew Taeho Kim & Matt Erickson & Yurong Zhang & ChangHwan Kim, 2022. "Who is the “She” in the Pandemic “She-Cession”? Variation in COVID-19 Labor Market Outcomes by Gender and Family Status," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 41(3), pages 1325-1358, June.
    9. Owens, Mark F. & Rennhoff, Adam D., 2014. "Provision and price of child care services: For-profits and nonprofits," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 40-51.
    10. Benjamin Cowan & Todd R. Jones & Jeffrey Swigert, 2023. "Parental and Student Time Use around the Academic Year," CESifo Working Paper Series 10391, CESifo.
    11. Mota, Nuno & Patacchini, Eleonora & Rosenthal, Stuart S., 2016. "Neighborhood Effects, Peer Classification, and the Decision of Women to Work," IZA Discussion Papers 9985, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    12. Benjamin Cowan & Todd R. Jones & Jeffrey Swigert, 2023. "Parental and Student Time Use around the Academic Year," CESifo Working Paper Series 10391, CESifo.
    13. Matias Berthelon & Diana Kruger & Melanie Oyarzún, 2023. "School schedules and mothers’ employment: evidence from an education reform," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 131-171, March.
    14. Duchini, Emma & Van Effenterre, Clémentine, 2020. "School Schedule and the Gender Pay Gap," IZA Discussion Papers 13791, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    15. Jennifer Graves, 2013. "The Effects of School Calendar Type on Maternal Employment across Racial Groups: A Story of Child Care Availability," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 103(3), pages 279-283, May.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    School calendars; Maternal employment; Child care;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply
    • J13 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality

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