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Security of supply, energy spillage control and peaking options within a 100% renewable electricity system for New Zealand

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  • Mason, I.G.
  • Page, S.C.
  • Williamson, A.G.

Abstract

In this paper, issues of security of supply, energy spillage control, and peaking options, within a fully renewable electricity system, are addressed. We show that a generation mix comprising 49% hydro, 23% wind, 13% geothermal, 14% pumped hydro energy storage peaking plant, and 1% biomass-fuelled generation on an installed capacity basis, was capable of ensuring security of supply over an historic 6-year period, which included the driest hydrological year on record in New Zealand since 1931. Hydro spillage was minimised, or eliminated, by curtailing a proportion of geothermal generation. Wind spillage was substantially reduced by utilising surplus generation for peaking purposes, resulting in up to 99.8% utilisation of wind energy. Peaking requirements were satisfied using 1550MW of pumped hydro energy storage generation, with a capacity factor of 0.76% and an upper reservoir storage equivalent to 8% of existing hydro storage capacity. It is proposed that alternative peaking options, including biomass-fuelled gas turbines and demand-side measures, should be considered. As a transitional policy, the use of fossil-gas–fuelled gas turbines for peaking would result in a 99.8% renewable system on an energy basis. Further research into whether a market-based system is capable of delivering such a renewable electricity system is suggested.

Suggested Citation

  • Mason, I.G. & Page, S.C. & Williamson, A.G., 2013. "Security of supply, energy spillage control and peaking options within a 100% renewable electricity system for New Zealand," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 324-333.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:60:y:2013:i:c:p:324-333
    DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.032
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    4. Henning Meschede & Paul Bertheau & Siavash Khalili & Christian Breyer, 2022. "A review of 100% renewable energy scenarios on islands," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 11(6), November.
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    7. Schill, Wolf-Peter, 2014. "Residual load, renewable surplus generation and storage requirements in Germany," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 65-79.
    8. Katharina Schüller & Kateřina Staňková & Frank Thuijsman, 2017. "Game Theory of Pollution: National Policies and Their International Effects," Games, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-15, July.
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    10. de Jong, Pieter & Dargaville, Roger & Silver, Jeremy & Utembe, Steven & Kiperstok, Asher & Torres, Ednildo Andrade, 2017. "Forecasting high proportions of wind energy supplying the Brazilian Northeast electricity grid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 538-555.
    11. Deason, Wesley, 2018. "Comparison of 100% renewable energy system scenarios with a focus on flexibility and cost," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 3168-3178.
    12. Diesendorf, Mark & Elliston, Ben, 2018. "The feasibility of 100% renewable electricity systems: A response to critics," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 318-330.
    13. Diaz-Rainey, Ivan & Sise, Greg, 2018. "Green Energy Finance in Australia and New Zealand," ADBI Working Papers 840, Asian Development Bank Institute.
    14. Zappa, William & Junginger, Martin & van den Broek, Machteld, 2019. "Is a 100% renewable European power system feasible by 2050?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 233, pages 1027-1050.
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    16. Elias Ganivet, 2020. "Growth in human population and consumption both need to be addressed to reach an ecologically sustainable future," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 22(6), pages 4979-4998, August.

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