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Battery sizing for serial plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: A model-based economic analysis for Germany

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  • Ernst, Christian-Simon
  • Hackbarth, André
  • Madlener, Reinhard
  • Lunz, Benedikt
  • Uwe Sauer, Dirk
  • Eckstein, Lutz

Abstract

The battery size of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) is decisive for the electrical range of the vehicle and crucial for the cost-effectiveness of this particular vehicle concept. Based on the energy consumption of a conventional reference car and a PHEV, we introduce a comprehensive total cost of ownership model for the average car user in Germany for both vehicle types. The model takes into account the purchase price, fixed annual costs and variable operating costs. The amortization time of a PHEV also depends on the recharging strategy (once a day, once a night, after each trip), the battery size, and the battery costs. We find that PHEVs with a 4kWh battery and at current lithium-ion battery prices reach the break-even point after about 6 years (5 years when using the lower night-time electricity tariffs). With higher battery capacities the amortization time becomes significantly longer. Even for the small battery size and assuming the EU-15 electricity mix, a PHEV is found to emit only around 60% of the CO2 emissions of a comparable conventional car. Thus, with the PHEV concept a cost-effective introduction of electric mobility and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions per vehicle can be reached.

Suggested Citation

  • Ernst, Christian-Simon & Hackbarth, André & Madlener, Reinhard & Lunz, Benedikt & Uwe Sauer, Dirk & Eckstein, Lutz, 2011. "Battery sizing for serial plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: A model-based economic analysis for Germany," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(10), pages 5871-5882, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:enepol:v:39:y:2011:i:10:p:5871-5882
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    3. Aileen Lam, 2013. "Projections of future emissions and energy use from passenger cars as a result of policies in the EU with a dynamic model of technological change," 4CMR Working Paper Series 005, University of Cambridge, Department of Land Economy, Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research.
    4. Armando Cartenì & Ilaria Henke & Clorinda Molitierno & Luigi Di Francesco, 2020. "Strong Sustainability in Public Transport Policies: An e-Mobility Bus Fleet Application in Sorrento Peninsula (Italy)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-19, August.
    5. Kannan, Ramachandran & Hirschberg, Stefan, 2016. "Interplay between electricity and transport sectors – Integrating the Swiss car fleet and electricity system," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 514-531.
    6. Higgins, Andrew & Grozev, George & Ren, Zhengen & Garner, Stephen & Walden, Glenn & Taylor, Michelle, 2014. "Modelling future uptake of distributed energy resources under alternative tariff structures," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 455-463.
    7. Brouwer, Anne Sjoerd & Kuramochi, Takeshi & van den Broek, Machteld & Faaij, André, 2013. "Fulfilling the electricity demand of electric vehicles in the long term future: An evaluation of centralized and decentralized power supply systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 33-51.
    8. Redelbach, Martin & Özdemir, Enver Doruk & Friedrich, Horst E., 2014. "Optimizing battery sizes of plug-in hybrid and extended range electric vehicles for different user types," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 158-168.
    9. Cong Hou & Hewu Wang & Minggao Ouyang, 2014. "Battery Sizing for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Beijing: A TCO Model Based Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 7(8), pages 1-26, August.
    10. Joshua Allwright & Akhlaqur Rahman & Marcus Coleman & Ambarish Kulkarni, 2022. "Heavy Multi-Articulated Vehicles with Electric and Hybrid Power Trains for Road Freight Activity: An Australian Context," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-19, August.
    11. Lawrence Fulton, 2020. "A Publicly Available Simulation of Battery Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Gas-Powered Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-15, May.

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