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The gain of single-axis tracked panel according to extraterrestrial radiation

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  • Chang, Tian Pau

Abstract

In the present study, the gain in extraterrestrial radiation received by a single-axis tracked panel relative to a fixed panel was systematically analyzed over a specific period of time. The dynamic angle that the tracked panel should rotate by in order to follow the sun was derived through a series of spherical trigonometric procedures. The instantaneous incident angle of sunlight upon the panel was then calculated, assuming that the panel would simultaneously follow the sun's position. Thus, instantaneous increments of solar energy received by the tracked panel relative to the fixed panel are originally presented. The results show that the angle the tracked panel has to rotate by is 0° at solar noon, and increases towards dawn or dusk. The incident angle of sunlight upon the tracked panel is always smaller than that upon the fixed panel, except at solar noon. As for panels installed with a yearly optimal tilt angle in Taipei, the gains are between 36.3% and 62.1% for four particular days of year, between 37.8% and 60.8% for the four seasons and 49.3% over the entire year. The amount of radiation collected by the tracked panel is enhanced as the maximum rotation angle is increased. The irradiation ratio of the tracked panel to the fixed panel is close to 1.5 for latitudes below 65° and gradually increases for latitudes above this. The yearly optimal tilt angle of a south-facing fixed panel is approximately equal to 0.9 multiplied by the latitude (i.e. 0.9 x [phi]) for latitudes below 65° and is about 56 + 0.4 x ([phi] - 65) otherwise.

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  • Chang, Tian Pau, 2009. "The gain of single-axis tracked panel according to extraterrestrial radiation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 86(7-8), pages 1074-1079, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:86:y:2009:i:7-8:p:1074-1079
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    Cited by:

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    5. Bahrami, Arian & Okoye, Chiemeka Onyeka & Atikol, Ugur, 2016. "The effect of latitude on the performance of different solar trackers in Europe and Africa," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 896-906.
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    7. Cruz-Peragón, Fernando & Casanova-Peláez, Pedro J. & Díaz, Francisco A. & López-García, Rafael & Palomar, José M., 2011. "An approach to evaluate the energy advantage of two axes solar tracking systems in Spain," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(12), pages 5131-5142.
    8. Kaddoura, Tarek O. & Ramli, Makbul A.M. & Al-Turki, Yusuf A., 2016. "On the estimation of the optimum tilt angle of PV panel in Saudi Arabia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 626-634.
    9. Shabani, Masoume & Mahmoudimehr, Javad, 2018. "Techno-economic role of PV tracking technology in a hybrid PV-hydroelectric standalone power system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 84-108.
    10. Kung, Chih-Chun & McCarl, Bruce A., 2020. "The potential role of renewable electricity generation in Taiwan," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
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    12. Nsengiyumva, Walter & Chen, Shi Guo & Hu, Lihua & Chen, Xueyong, 2018. "Recent advancements and challenges in Solar Tracking Systems (STS): A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 250-279.
    13. Lubitz, William David, 2011. "Effect of manual tilt adjustments on incident irradiance on fixed and tracking solar panels," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(5), pages 1710-1719, May.
    14. Zhong, Hao & Li, Guihua & Tang, Runsheng & Dong, Wenli, 2011. "Optical performance of inclined south–north axis three-positions tracked solar panels," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(2), pages 1171-1179.
    15. Okoye, Chiemeka Onyeka & Bahrami, Arian & Atikol, Ugur, 2018. "Evaluating the solar resource potential on different tracking surfaces in Nigeria," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 1569-1581.
    16. Şenpinar, Ahmet & Cebeci, Mehmet, 2012. "Evaluation of power output for fixed and two-axis tracking PVarrays," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 677-685.
    17. Dadi Wang, 2017. "Benchmarking the Performance of Solar Installers and Rooftop Photovoltaic Installations in California," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-17, August.
    18. Sueyoshi, Toshiyuki & Wang, Derek, 2017. "Measuring scale efficiency and returns to scale on large commercial rooftop photovoltaic systems in California," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 389-398.
    19. Hafez, A.Z. & Soliman, A. & El-Metwally, K.A. & Ismail, I.M., 2017. "Tilt and azimuth angles in solar energy applications – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 147-168.
    20. Chang, Tian Pau, 2009. "Performance study on the east–west oriented single-axis tracked panel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 34(10), pages 1530-1538.
    21. Ma, Yi & Li, Guihua & Tang, Runsheng, 2011. "Optical performance of vertical axis three azimuth angles tracked solar panels," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(5), pages 1784-1791, May.
    22. Benghanem, M., 2011. "Optimization of tilt angle for solar panel: Case study for Madinah, Saudi Arabia," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(4), pages 1427-1433, April.
    23. Zhu, Yongqiang & Liu, Jiahao & Yang, Xiaohua, 2020. "Design and performance analysis of a solar tracking system with a novel single-axis tracking structure to maximize energy collection," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 264(C).
    24. Koussa, M. & Cheknane, A. & Hadji, S. & Haddadi, M. & Noureddine, S., 2011. "Measured and modelled improvement in solar energy yield from flat plate photovoltaic systems utilizing different tracking systems and under a range of environmental conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(5), pages 1756-1771, May.

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