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Investigation of selective catalytic reduction for control of nitrogen oxides in full-scale dairy energy production

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  • Camarillo, Mary Kay
  • Stringfellow, William T.
  • Hanlon, Jeremy S.
  • Watson, Kyle A.

Abstract

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) was used to reduce exhaust gas nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the emissions of a 710kW combined heat and power system fueled by dairy biogas. Exhaust gas NOx was reduced from 63.1±31.9 to 14.2±17.5ppmvd@15% O2 such that emissions were 0.33±0.40gkW−1h−1, based on data averaged over 15min intervals. Online exhaust gas sensors with integrated process control algorithms were effective in improving NOx removal by automated control of urea, the ammonia source used for catalysis of NOx reduction reactions. Pre-SCR NOx was most strongly correlated with equivalence ratio (R2=0.39), indicative of the air–fuel ratio. A concave relationship between NOx production and thermal conversion efficiency was not observed since lean-burn operation of the engine was consistent and only altered under low engine load. Following installation of pre- and post-SCR NOx sensors, average daily exhaust gas NOx reduction in the SCR was 82.6±8.5%. Post-SCR NOx emissions were typically impacted by pre-SCR NOx (R2=0.36), suggesting that altered operation of the anaerobic digesters or modifications to the engine would be effective in reducing NOx emissions as well as urea demand. After nearly three years of operation, the SCR catalyst remains in service without requiring replacement. Average daily urea demand was 31.8±16.3Ld−1 for the system that produced 369±136kW of electricity. During the second year of observation the regulatory limit of 0.804gkW−1h−1 was met 94% of the time while the regulatory target of 0.201gkW−1h−1 was only met 45% of the time, based on data averaged over 15min intervals. These results provide guidance for dairy energy projects in locations with stringent NOx emissions standards.

Suggested Citation

  • Camarillo, Mary Kay & Stringfellow, William T. & Hanlon, Jeremy S. & Watson, Kyle A., 2013. "Investigation of selective catalytic reduction for control of nitrogen oxides in full-scale dairy energy production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 328-336.
  • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:106:y:2013:i:c:p:328-336
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.01.066
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rasi, S. & Veijanen, A. & Rintala, J., 2007. "Trace compounds of biogas from different biogas production plants," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(8), pages 1375-1380.
    2. Kay Camarillo, Mary & Stringfellow, William T. & Jue, Michael B. & Hanlon, Jeremy S., 2012. "Economic sustainability of a biomass energy project located at a dairy in California, USA," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 790-798.
    3. Hixson, Mark & Mahmud, Abdullah & Hu, Jianlin & Bai, Song & Niemeier, Debbie A. & Handy, Susan L & Gao, Shengyi & Lund, Jay R & Sullivan, Dana C & Kleeman, M J, 2010. "Influence of Regional Development Policies and Clean Technology Adoption on Future Air Pollution Exposure," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt64p3m31g, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
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    2. Lee, Sunyoup & Park, Seunghyun & Kim, Changgi & Kim, Young-Min & Kim, Yongrae & Park, Cheolwoong, 2014. "Comparative study on EGR and lean burn strategies employed in an SI engine fueled by low calorific gas," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 10-16.
    3. Jianzhong, Liu & Ruikun, Wang & Jianfei, Xi & Junhu, Zhou & Kefa, Cen, 2014. "Pilot-scale investigation on slurrying, combustion, and slagging characteristics of coal slurry fuel prepared using industrial wasteliquid," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 309-319.
    4. Shen, Xiuli & Huang, Guangqun & Yang, Zengling & Han, Lujia, 2015. "Compositional characteristics and energy potential of Chinese animal manure by type and as a whole," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C), pages 108-119.
    5. Jiang, Jibing & Li, Dinggen, 2016. "Theoretical analysis and experimental confirmation of exhaust temperature control for diesel vehicle NOx emissions reduction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 174(C), pages 232-244.

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